INTRODUCTION Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is a neurotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine release by cleaving cytosolic synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and results in bladder relaxation. A BTX-A intravesical injection has been established as an effective option for treating detrusor overactivity. STUDY DESIGN Sixty female Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into control and experime...

PURPOSE To determine the effect of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, induced by botulinum toxin-B (BTX-B), on the inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the lacrimal gland (LG). And to determine the effect of various topical anti-inflammatory agents on the resulting cytokine levels. METHODS Forty-two mice (eight-week-old, female, CBA/J) were divided into six groups. Four groups were injected with...

The state dependence of Na channel modification by batrachotoxin (BTX) was investigated in voltage-clamped and internally perfused squid giant axons before (control axons) and after the pharmacological removal of the fast inactivation by pronase, chloramine-T, or NBA (pretreated axons). In control axons, in the presence of 2-5 microM BTX, a repetitive depolarization to open the channels was req...

The authors evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in poststroke spasticity patients who completed a 12-week placebo-controlled study and received multiple open-label treatments with 200 to 240 U BTX-A for 42 weeks. Significant and sustained improvements were observed for Disability Assessment and Ashworth scores. Adverse events were generally mild. This e...

The clinical effect of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection combined with spasmodic muscle therapeutic instrument with simple BTX-A injection was compared. Eighty patients with stroke were randomly divided into the treatment and control groups of 41 and 39 cases, respectively. The two groups of patients were given routine rehabilitation therapy. Ultrasound-guide positioning technology was used; ...

Batrachotoxin (BTX), a steroidal alkaloid, and pyrethroid insecticides bind to distinct but allosterically coupled receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels and cause persistent channel activation. BTX presumably binds in the inner pore, whereas pyrethroids are predicted to bind at the lipid-exposed cavity formed by the short intracellular linker-helix IIS4-S5 and transmembrane helices II...

The distribution and quantitation of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) binding sites and thus acetylcholine receptor (AChR) were determined in mouse sternomastoid muscle by electron microscope autoradiography. We found that a valid criterion for receptor saturation at the neuromuscular junction was the complete elimination of neurally evoked tetanic muscle contractions, since, when such a cri...

The use of Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) to manage focal spasticity in children with cerebral palsy has been rapid evolving since 1990. The success of BTX-A injections is very dependent on delivery of the toxin into the targeted muscle. The method of delivery however is not agreed upon and differs between patient populations. This paper reviews the different techniques for muscle localisation ...

Mammalian voltage-gated Na(+) channels were less sensitive to pyrethroids than their insect counterparts by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Deltamethrin at 10 microM elicited weak gating changes in rat skeletal muscle alpha-subunit Na(+) channels (Nav1.4) after > 30 min of perfusion. About 10% of the peak current was maintained during the 8-ms, +50-mV pulse and, upon repolarization to -140 mV, the ...

Intramuscular injections with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) lead to a rapid decrease in muscle mass and force, but the effect of this drug on bone development is unclear. In the present pilot study we evaluated the effect of a one-time injection of BTXA in growing rabbits. Twelve young (weight 1.5 kg) New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to receive either BTX-A (total dose 8 units per kg body...