Introduction S1 Pharmacological actions S2 Traumatic lesions and experimental cerebral oedema S2 Cerebral hypoxia and ischaemia S5 Synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter levels S13 Learning performance, memory and brain ageing S17 Experimental withdrawal syndrome and intoxications S19 Toxicity S20 Acute toxicity S20 Subacute toxicity S20 Chronic toxicity S20 Teratogenicity S20 Pharmacokinet...

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a deleterious end-product of lipid peroxidation. The naturally-occurring dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found in brain and innervated tissues at concentrations up to 20 mM. Recent studies have shown that carnosine can protect proteins against cross-linking mediated by aldehyde-containing sugars and glycolytic intermediates. Here we have investigated wh...

PURPOSE To determine the maximum tolerated dose of single fraction radiosurgery in patients with recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases. METHODS AND MATERIALS Adults with cerebral or cerebellar solitary non-brainstem tumors </= 40 mm in maximum diameter were eligible. Initial radiosurgical doses were 18 Gy for tumors </= 20 mm, 15 Gy for those 21-30 mm, and ...

PURPOSE Given the neurocognitive toxicity associated with whole-brain irradiation (WBRT), approaches to defer or avoid WBRT after surgical resection of brain metastases are desirable. Our initial experience with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) targeting the resection cavity showed promising results. We examined the outcomes of postoperative resection cavity SRS to determine the effect of adding...

RESULTS: We observed increases in plasma concentrations of miR-122, miR-133a, and miR-124 corresponding to injuries in liver, muscle, and brain, respectively. miR-122 and miR-133a illustrated specificity for liver and muscle toxicity, respectively, because they were not detectable in the plasma of animals with toxicity to the other organ. This result contrasted with the results for alanine amin...

The interaction of biotinylated G4 poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer conjugates and G4 PAMAM dendrimers with in vitro models of the blood brain barrier (BBB) was evaluated using Langmuir Blodgett monolayer techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and lactate dehydrogenase measures of cell membrane toxicity. Results indicate that both G4 and G4 biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers disrupt the compos...

BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Brain cancer is identified as one of the most formidable forms of cancer due to several hurdles posed by the anatomy and physiology of the brain on the therapeutic strategies employed for treating brain cancer. Poor prognosis and high relapse rate further aggravate the situation leading to the high mortality ra...

Recent studies indicate that soluble oligomers drive pathogenesis in several neurodegenerative proteinopathies, including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Curiously, the same conformational antibody recognizes different disease-related oligomers, despite the variations in clinical presentation and brain regions affected, suggesting that the oligomer structure might be responsible for toxicity. ...

Excessive accumulation of pro-oxidant metals, observed in affected brain regions, has consistently been implicated as a contributor to the brain pathology including neurodegenerative diseases and acute injuries such as stroke. Furthermore, the potential interactions between metal toxicity and other commonly associated etiological factors, such as misfolding/aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins...

introduction: one of the main mechanisms by which diabetic complications occur is an alteration of the structure and function of proteins due to hyperglycemia. aspirin (asa) affects cellular pathways through different mechanisms, including glycation inhibition and antioxidant activity. the aim of the present study, as a follow up to our previous one, is to investigate the effect of long-term, h...