brain edema plays an important role in secondary tissue damage following traumatic brain injury (tbi) but the underlying mechanisms are not entirely elucidated. the g protein coupled receptor fm-4 and its ligands, neuromedin s (nms) and neuromedin u (nmu), are expressed in diverse brain areas, and have a variety of roles in nociception, inflammation, and stress but their probable changes after ...

The article discusses the role of inflammatory reactions in formation attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Based on a wide and modern material, mechanisms development oxidative stress with free radicals are considered, which, turn, initiate cascade reactions. Inflammation factors analyzed detail, biomarkers neuroinflammation distinguished their changing neurotransmitter balance is r...

Perinatal inflammation is known to contribute to neurodevelopmental diseases. Animal models of perinatal inflammation have revealed that the inflammatory response within the brain is age dependent, but the regulators of this variation remain unclear. In the adult, the peripheral acute phase response (APR) is known to be pivotal in the downstream recruitment of leukocytes to the injured brain. T...

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from Gram-negative bacteria, which induces brain inflammation. LPS-induced brain inf lammation deteriorates hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits. In the present study, we investigated the effects of forced treadmill exercise and voluntary wheel exercise on short-term memory in relation to neuronal maturation in LPS-induced brain inflammation ...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease resulting from the occurrence of intermingled episodes of neuroinflammation and degeneration. However, this concept has recently challenged by several observations suggesting that in this disease neurodegeneration might occur independently of inflammation. The evidence that active neurodegeneration in MS is invariably associated with inflammation is p...

Platelet aggregation beta amyloid main causes inflammation of neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, creating this inflammation due to inappropriate actions in blood brain barrier (BBB) and astrocyte and microglia during the last century that studies conducted in this case nothing has been found. The only thing that can be done to prevent and reduce pro-inflammatory factors such as cyto...

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), showed very promisingneuroprotection action, but it suffers from high first pass metabolism and limited abilityto cross blood brain barrier. Severe gastric toxicity following oral administration furtherlimits its utility. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate whether ibuprofen loadedmucoadhesive microemulsion (MMEI) could enha...

UNLABELLED Patients with systemic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disease) commonly develop debilitating symptoms (i.e., sickness behaviors) that arise from changes in brain function. The microbiota-gut-brain axis alters brain function and probiotic ingestion can influence behavior. However, how probiotics do this remains unclear. We ...

blood brain barrier (bbb) is a specialized non fenestrate barrier that formation by the endothelial cells and controls the transportation of the cells and molecules in to the brain. reducing in function of bbb is one of disruptions in neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis. endothelial progenitor cell (epc) help to the bbb to control the diapedesis of inflammatory cells & molecules in to...