Loading influences tendon healing, and so does inflammation. We hypothesized that the two are connected. 48 rats underwent Achilles tendon transection. Half of the rats received Botox injections into calf muscles to reduce mechanical loading. Cells from the regenerating tissue were analyzed by flow cytometry. In the loaded group, the regenerating tissue contained 83% leukocytes (CD45(+)) day 1,...

Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia), blepharospasm, and writer’s cramp are specific types of a group of movement disorders known as dystonias. Dystonia is a neurological condition of unknown cause. Some types of dystonia have a genetic component. Involuntary contraction and spasms of one or more of a group of muscles anywhere in the body characterize these disorders. This frequently invol...

OnabotulinumtoxinA was introduced to the US market in 2002 as the first botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) approved for facial aesthetics. This article provides an overview of onabotulinumtoxinA's uses and indications as well as safety and efficacy data. As with other BoNTA products, onabotulinumtoxinA is generally well tolerated. Consideration is also given to clinical applications of the product....

An extremely effective way of preventing damage to and enhancing treatment of dental hard tissues and restorations would be to ''de-programme'' the muscles responsible for excessive destructive forces and other gnathological-related diseases. The new paradigm is the intramuscular injection of Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) into the affected muscles. It is a natural protein produced by anaerobic...

There has been increasing interest in exploring the potential therapeutic benefit of the botulinum toxins in the management of neuropathic pain. Examples of neuropathic pain include painful diabetic polyneuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), complex regional pain syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia and neuropathic low back pain. Other chronic pain syndromes may exhibit neuropathic features includ...

Achalasia is caused by chronic degeneration of ganglionic cells in the myenteric plexus that leads to failure relaxation lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This aperistalsis digital esophagus and eventually led dilation esophagus. We present case a 37-year-old man who initially presented with dysphagia for solid food then slowly developed liquid over past 6 months. He had significant weight loss...

Urinary symptoms occur in 19% of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected patients who do not fulfill criteria for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and in almost 100% of HAM/TSP patients. Few studies have evaluated therapies for overactive bladder (OAB) caused by HTLV-1 infection. This case report describes the effect of onabotulinum toxin A on...