testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

1.0 overview it seems that grammar plays a crucial role in the area of second and foreign language learning and widely has been acknowledged in grammar research. in other words, teaching grammar is an issue which has attracted much attention to itself, and a lot of teachers argue about the existence of grammar in language teaching and learning. this issue will remind us a famous sentence f...

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in this study, scour of mashkid bridge pier located in mashkid river of saravan county has been studied and to measure the scour rate, the numerical model hec-ras 4.0 has been used. upon selection of mashkid river as the case study and whereas the studied zone is important with respect to the climatic conditions and showery monsoon raining and flowing the great and destructive floodwaters, ther...

learning a second or foreign language requires the manipulation of four main skills, namely, listening, reading, speaking, and writing which lead to effective communication. it is obvious that vocabulary is an indispensible part of any communication, so without a vocabulary, no meaningful communication can take place and meaningful communication relies heavily on vocabulary. one fundamental fac...

abstract the present research is prepared to study the culture of tea consuming among iranian. the case group which was statistically used for this study was people of lahijan , about four hundred wich were chosen according to their age , gender , education and occupation , randomly selected to fill the questionnaire . then the data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed according ...

1.1 introduction “i see translation as the attempt to produce a text so transparent that it does not seem to be translated. a good translation is like a pane of glass. you only notice that it’s there when there are little imperfections- scratches, bubbles. ideally, there shouldn’t be any. it should never call attention to itself.” “norman shapiro” (venuti, 1995:1) edward fitzgerald is the br...

پلیمرهای ¬معدنی ¬دو بعدی جدید h2[{m(h2o)8m(h2o)7m(h2o)6}p2w18ce3o70(oh)( h2o)n].xh2o x = 24 and 29) (n = 1and 2) (m= la3+ and ce3+) ) از واکنش پلی اکسوآنیون ساندویچی نوع a [p2w18ce3o71(h2o)2]12-به عنوان بلوک ساختمانی و m(no3)3.6h2o (m = la3+ ce3+) درمحیط آبی تهیه و تعیین ساختار شدند. ساختار این ترکیبات شامل لایه های موجی شکل دو بعدی در صفــحه ac می باشند که بوسیله اتصال واحدهای ساختاری [m(h2o)8...

asymmetric polyethersulfone (pes) microfiltration flat sheet membranes were composed by the phase inversion method (pim) and were used as supports. composite membranes were fabricated by coating silicone rubber as selective layer. effect of different concentrations of pes and pdms and different solvent such as nmp, dmf and dms effects as pes solvents and support thickness and different coagulat...