1 Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America, 3 Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America, 4 Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne D...

The invasion of multiple strains of the midge-borne bluetongue virus into southern Europe since the late 1990s provides a rare example of a clear impact of climate change on a vector-borne disease. However, the subsequent dramatic continent-wide spread and burden of this disease has depended largely on altered biotic interactions with vector and host communities in newly invaded areas. Transmis...

Improvements to risk assessments are needed to enhance our understanding of tick-borne disease epidemiology. We review tick vectors and duration of tick attachment required for pathogen transmission for the following pathogens/toxins and diseases: (1) Anaplasma phagocytophilum (anaplasmosis); (2) Babesia microti (babesiosis); (3) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease); (4) Southern tick-associated...

CHAGAS DISEASE IS CAUSED BY Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite usually transmit ted by infected tr i atomine bugs. Transmission also occurs through transfusion or organ transplantation, from mother to infant, and rarely by ingestion of contaminated food or drink. Vector-borne transmission occurs exclusively in the Americas, where an estimated 8 million to 10 million people have Chagas dise...

One focus of historical archaeology at Harpers Ferry Na­ tional Historical Park, West Virginia, is tracing the devel­ opment of sanitation at the town through the 1800s and 1900s. Historical documentation indicates that there was a degree of resistance to the modernization of village sanita­ tion. This study attempts to verify this resistance through examination of privy soils for parasites ind...