We study the price competition of two supply chains with demand uncertainty. Each supply chain consists of one risk-averse manufacturer and one risk-averse retailer. We consider two cases: two competing decentralized supply chains and two competing integrated supply chains. We analyze the effects of the demand uncertainty on the supply chains’ expected profits. In the first case, we find that t...

Supply chains can act as effective mechanisms for raising environmental and social standards but can be very blunt instruments. While supply chain action can bring sustainability gains, it can also have unintended negative consequences and cause considerable resentment at the mismatch between costs and benefits along the chain. This article looks at how and why supply chains are being used to i...

The aim of this review paper is to bring into light a potential area i.e., web services supply chains for research by analyzing the existing state of art in this. It is observed from the review process that there seems to be much less work done in the area of web service supply chains as compared to e-commerce and product oriented service supply chains. The service quality assurance models, end...

One of the primary objectives of National Immunization Programs is to strengthen and optimize immunization supply chains so that vaccines are delivered to the end recipients effectively, efficiently and sustainably. As a result of larger investments in global health and a wider portfolio of vaccines, global agencies are recognizing the need for vaccine supply chains to operate at their most opt...

Information sharing within a supply chain has numerous bene ts. However, in the past decade, several works have pointed out using game-theoretic models that: (i) a supply chain entity may not have an incentive to share information for fear of exploitation by the party (e.g. manufacturer) with whom they share information as well as leakage of information to their competitors, (ii) the negative e...

This chapter studies the strategic decision making problem regarding the design of a distribution network and the definition of material flows. In particular, we consider the Two-Echelon Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem (TUFLP). In a general case, the problem is defined as follows. A firm may have relatively few products and a number of plants. Products are shipped from plants to markets...

The bullwhip effect has been well known since many years and often takes place in supply chains. It is caused by wrong order policy in real systems. The bullwhip effect can be demonstrated easily through the beer game. It was developed by the MIT in the 60s. All stages of the supply chain operate independently. The only decisions that can be taken in the particular stages of this simulation gam...

A supply chain is two or more parties linked by a flow of goods, information and funds. Since this means that supply chain management concerns environments in which there are multiple decision makers, which may be different firms or different divisions within a single firm, attention has to be focused on methods or mechanisms that improve system efficiencies. The reason for this is that in a su...

In today complex worldwide supply chains, intermediary organizations like Contract manufacturers and GPOs are mostly used. Well-known OEMs delegate their purchasing and procuring to these intermediaries. Because of their positive influence on supply chain efficiency, it is very important to investigate the role of intermediaries in today competitive supply chains. One important question arising...

The importance of supply chains in pharmacological industry is remarkable so that nowadays many pharmacological supply chains have an effective and critical role for supplying and distributing drugs in health area. So, this study studies a three-echelon pharmacological supply chain contained multi-distributor of raw materials, a pharmaceutical factory, and multi-drug distributors companies such...