One of the latest and most controversial areas of science is biotechnology. Genetic engineering concerns with the manipulation of DNA molecules to modify plants, animals and other creatures. Scientists are now able to isolate a gene or genome in an animal or plant to another one, based on the traits they want to transfer. The movement of a gene from a living creature to another one is called th...

Centre for Bioethics. Experts rank top 10 biotechnologies for improving global health within 5–10 years [news release]. Toronto, On-tario, Canada: University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics; 2002. Millions of people in developing countries now die each year from diseases that in the near future could be prevented or treated cheaply and easily through the development and use of such biotec...

The paper presents the problem of choosing the representatives in an assembly when the whole electoral region is subdivided into electoral districts. Because of the two dimensions, geographical (districts) and political (parties), the problem is called bi-apportionment. Often the allocation of seats to districts is pre-determined and furthermore distorted —meaning that the ratios of the number ...