Passive exposure to tobacco smoke causes ultrastructural changes in placental vasculature. It was endeavoured to observe under the light microscope, the endothelial cells of the capillaries and to look for microscopic changes in the vasculosyncytial membranes in the terminal villi of placentae of passive smokers exposed largely to bidi smoke. To study effect of passive smoking on placental vasc...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and pattern of smoking amongst Pakistanis. SAMPLING DESIGN: A two stage stratified sample design was adopted for the survey, Primary Sampling Units (PSU's) and Secondary Sampling Units (SSU's). SETTING Urban and Rural, Pakistan 1990-94. SUBJECTS Stratified systematic sample of 9441 males and females aged 15 years and above. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smoke...

BACKGROUND The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) was carried out for systematically monitoring tobacco use and for tracking key tobacco control indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 70,802 households, including 42,647 in rural areas and 28,155 in urban areas, were covered with a three stage sampling design. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude a...

Surfactants in soap preparations serve as active ingredients that can reduce surface tension between oil and water. So far, surfactant for widely used is either chemical or synthetic surfactants. Therefore, order to protect the environmental safety need find surfactants from natural materials. One of be made a lignin-based surfactant, namely sodium lignosulfonate.The lignosulfonate rice straw w...