in this paper, we introduce and study the prime, strongly prime,semiprime and irreducible fuzzy bi-ideals of a semigroup. we characterize thosesemigroups for which each fuzzy bi-ideal is semiprime. we also characterizethose semigroups for which each fuzzy bi-ideal is strongly prime.

The multilevel Monte Carlo and the control-variate method are reviewed for simulation of Coulomb collisions. The test case considered is fast-ion relaxation from ion-ion and electron-ion collisions against a Maxwellian background. A simplified energy scattering model is derived and related to the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model for which, an exact time dependent solution can be obtained. The exact mod...

Global optimization is widely used in various aspects both in industry and academia. Although different methods in operations research have been proposed to solve the global optimization, simulated annealing and its variations have been favored for their simplicity in the implementation. In order to reach the global optimum from the current solution, a walking mechanism must be planned so that ...

The focal objective of this study is to analyze and explore the Co-movement of Pakistan stock market (KSE-100) with the stock market of developed countries (US, UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Japan, France and Neither land) which have portfolio investment in Pakistan by applying co-integration approach using Johansen and Juselius multivariate and bi variate co-integration. Secondary data of st...

The Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI), published by the European Commission on a monthly basis, is a powerful tool for tracking year on year GDP growth. However, its performance is weaker when GDP growth is expressed in quarter on quarter changes. This paper investigates whether cross-sector survey data gathered in the framework of the harmonised EU Business and Consumer Survey (EU BCS) can be...

In this paper we present a simple control variate method, for options pricing under stochastic volatility models by the risk-neutral pricing formula, which is based on the order moment of the stochastic factor Yt of the stochastic volatility for choosing a non-random factor Y (t) with the same order moment. We construct the control variate using a stochastic differential equation with a determi...

PURPOSE We intended to determine predictor variables of anthropometry and training for marathon race time in recreational female runners in order to predict marathon race time for future novice female runners. METHODS Anthropometric characteristics such as body mass, body height, body mass index, circumferences of limbs, thicknesses of skin-folds and body fat as well as training variables suc...

Other than common random numbers, control varlates is the most promising variance reduction technique in terms of its potential for widespread use: Control variates is applicable in single or multiple response simulation, it does not require altering the simulation run in any way, and any stochastic simulation contains potential control variates. A rich theory of control variates has been devel...

The tendency of world media to villainize sharks has likely contributed a disparity in the distribution research and conservation resources among threatened marine megavertebrates, with elasmobranchs losing out. Increased public knowledge on can shape attitude foster gain support for elasmobranch conservation. Through an online survey, this study aimed evaluate drivers examine linkages between ...