ions ( other country GW  ) were downscaled to grid level ( other cell GW  ) based on proportion of each cell water use in other sector ( MAgPIE Other WU  ) to country total water use in other sectors (( MAgPIE Other WU  )Country) as obtained from the MAgPIE model results. In the final step, downscaled grid level groundwater abstractions for agriculture and other sectors were addded to get t...

In evaluating the cost/effectiveness of therapeutic interventions (e.g. those based on innovative drugs or on Class-III medical devices), two main pharmacoeconomic parameters have been used over the past decades: the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER [1–3]) and the net monetary benefit (NMB [4–6]). The ICER and the NMB share some common features because they both require a pre-defined ...

Chronic treatment of pain with opiate drugs can lead to analgesic tolerance and drug dependence. Although all opiate drugs can promote tolerance and dependence in practice, the severity of those unwanted side effects differs depending on the drug used. Although each opiate drug has its own unique set of pharmacological profiles, methadone is the only clinically used opioid drug that produces su...

Abstract Most cost-benefit analyses assume that the estimates of costs and benefits are more or less accurate unbiased. But what if, in reality, highly inaccurate biased? Then assumption analysis is a rational way to improve resource allocation would be fallacy. Based on largest dataset its kind, we test cost benefit public investments We find this not case with overwhelming statistical signifi...

BACKGROUND To determine whether training community health workers (CHWs) about hypertension in order to improve adherence to medications is a cost-effective intervention among community members in South Africa. METHODS We used an established Markov model with age-varying probabilities of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events to assess the benefits and costs of using CHW home visits to increase ...

The benefit/cost (B/C) ratio method is utilized in many government and public work projects to determine if the expected benefits provide an acceptable return on the estimated investment and costs. Many authors have studied probabilistic cash flows in recent years. They introduced some analytical methods which determine the probability distribution function of the net present value and internal...

Thirty-six newly abstinent married male alcoholics, who had recently begun outpatient individual alcoholism counseling, were randomly assigned to a no-marital-therapy control group or to 10 weekly sessions of a behavioral marital therapy (BMT) or an interactional couples group. The cost-benefit analysis of BMT plus individual alcoholism counseling showed (a) decreases in health care and legal c...

The wide range of external solid organic sources nutrients viz., FYM, vermicompost, goat manure, etc., are available, out them, FYM & vermicompost found to good in terms yield and quality the different pulse crops. Several options available for liquid manures, among them higher yield, cost-benefit ratio produce reported with application Panchagavya jeevamrut. Crop residue mulching manures w...

there is much discussion going on lately whether dam construction is economic or not in termsof social consequences. accordingly, various techniques and software have been released to estimate the real social cost of dam construction among which, the software simpacts has been used extensively by researchers, worldwide. the present version of simpacts software only focuses on adverse effects of...