We present a rst order logic of time chance and probability that is capable of expressing the relation between subjective probability and objective chance at di erent times Us ing this capability we show how the logic can distinguish between causal and evidential correlation by distinguishing between condi tions events and actions that in uence the agent s belief in chance and the agent believe...

A delusion is usually decribed as an erroneous belief of the falseness of which its possessor cannot be persuaded of by reasoning nor by the evidence of his own senses, and which is contrary to the general belief of persons of his own race, age, standing and training. A person who believes that he can raise men from the dead or one who states that he is a canary or another who believes that he ...

The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to believe that adolescents should not be drug tested without their knowledge and consent. Recent US Supreme Court decisions and market forces have resulted in recommendations for drug testing of adolescents at school and products for parents to use to test adolescents at home. The American Academy of Pediatrics has strong reservations about testing ...

We have already stated summarily what the punishment should be for temple-robbing, whether by open force or secretly. But the punishments for the various sorts of insolence in speech or action with regard to the gods, which a man can show in word or deed, have to be proclaimed after we have provided an exordium. Let this be it: "No one believing, as the laws prescribe, in the existence of the g...

Noncooperative games are examined from the point of view of an outside observer who believes that the players are rational and that they know at least as much as the observer. The observer is assumed to be able to observe many instances of the play of the game; these instances are identical in the sense that the observer cannot distinguish between the settings in which different plays occur. If...

To have a theory of mind (ToM) is to anticipate the behaviour of other agents by considering what they want and what they know. It requires a representation of the environment that includes the internal states (e.g., beliefs) of other agents. Adult humans generally possess a ToM ability, demonstrated by reasoning like “he did not see the chocolate being switched from the red box to the blue one...

Besides the usual business of solving paradoxes, there has been recent philosophical work on their essential nature. Lycan characterises a paradox as “an inconsistent set of propositions, each of which is very plausible”. Building on this definition Paseau offers a numerical measure of paradoxicality of a set of principles: a function of the degrees to which a subject believes the principles co...