Abstract This study examines how salinity reduction triggers the response of three marine microalgae at molecular and unicellular levels in terms chemical, mechanical, behavioral changes. At lowest salinity, all microalgal species exhibited an increase membrane sterols behaved stiffer. The glycocalyx-coated Dunaliella tertiolecta was surrounded by a thick actin layer showed highest physiologica...

During disease or toxin challenges, the behavioral activities of grazing animals alter in response to adverse situations, potentially providing an indicator their welfare status. Behavioral changes such as feeding behavior, rumination and physical behavior well expressive can serve indicators animal health welfare. Sometimes are subtle occur gradually, often missed by infrequent visual monitori...