Nanoformulations of crystalline indinavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, and efavirenz were manufactured by wet milling, homogenization or sonication with a variety of excipients. The chemical, biological, immune, virological, and toxicological properties of these formulations were compared using an established monocyte-derived macrophage scoring indicator system. Measurements of drug uptake, retentio...

Parameterization and Observability Analysis of Scalable Battery Clusters for Onboard Thermal Management — Thermal management is an important issue for lithium ion batteries, as overheating may result in disastrous consequences. Although the battery surface temperature is commonly measured, the core temperature of a cell may be much higher hence more critical. The core temperature of a battery, ...

Real-time estimation of battery internal states and physical parameters is of the utmost importance for intelligent battery management systems (BMS). Electrochemical models, derived from the principles of electrochemistry, are arguably more accurate in capturing the physical mechanism of the battery cells than their counterpart data-driven or equivalent circuit models (ECM). Moreover, the elect...

This paper reports a modeling methodology to predict the effects on the discharge behavior of the cathode composition of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cell comprising a LFP cathode, a lithium metal anode, and an organic electrolyte. A one-dimensional model based on a finite element method is presented to calculate the cell voltage change of a LFP battery cell during galvanostatic disch...

This research analyses the operation of a solar PV powered electric vehicle charging station with energy storage that has been developed and demonstrated at the University of California – Davis, West Village, the largest planned zero-energy consumption community in the U.S. The intelligent energy management approach introduces solar PV electrical energy forecasting and EV charging demand projec...

Ionic and covalent cross-linking of an acid–base blend is used to manufacture membranes with high stability against dissolution reduced isopropanol acetone crossover for direct-isopropanol fuel cell applications.

In order to meet cost targets for hybrid electric (HEV), Plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and allelectric vehicles (EV), an improvement in the battery life cycle and safety is essential. One practical approach to improve performance is to use power electronics intensive cell equalizer, in conjunction with on-board energy storage devices. A new technique based on buck-boost topology to equalize a...

This study presents a simplified model of a midsized vehicle powered by a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack together with a lead-acid battery as an energy buffer. The model is used with dynamic programming in order to find the optimal coordination of the two power sources while penalizing transient excursions in oxygen concentration in the fuel cell and the state of charge in the bat...

Pipelines are pressure vessels. Their enviable safety record compares weil with other transportation modes. Typical pipeline fatality rates are about 1% those of rail or air which are, in turn, about 1% of highway fatalities. Pipeline safety is first assured by rigorous inspection during pipe manufacture and line construction. All welds are inspected using radiography to detect voids and ultras...