The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important target to suppress brain damage and also promote brain repair in stroke. After stroke onset, the initial phase comprises leakage and exacerbation of brain damage. But during the delayed phase, endogenous mechanisms of barrier genesis and repair may also occur. Three recent articles define promising new mechanisms that may contribute to this balance ...

D espite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis, we still lack a consensus regarding the causes, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of disease progression. Current evidence indicates that multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder in which both adaptive and innate immunity play important roles in initiation and maintenance of the disease. Recent evi...

Sozmen et al (Nogo receptor blockade overcomes remyelination failure after white matter stroke and stimulates functional recovery in aged mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:E8453–E8462. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1615322113) investigated the roles of Nogo/ NgR1 signaling in remyelination after white matter stroke. This study used a mouse model of white matter stroke by injecting L-Nio into the corp...

In many cases technological properties are expressed in terms of numerical parameters and the parameter values appear in product descriptions. This makes these limitations concrete and meaningful to pragmatic developers. It is the responsibility of engineering educators to make sure that our students understand the technological properties, know how to express them, know how to determine them f...

ing A n abstract is 'a brief but accurate representation of the contents of a document' 122 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SCIENCEINFORMATION ORGANIZATION 123 African elephant GPA DSN The African elephant is a member ofthe order Proboscidae and consistsof two distinct subspecies, the bushelephant and the forest elephantLoxodonta africanaSavanna elephant——— — _C^...

This review examines the fundamentals of neurogastroenterology that may underlie the pathophysiology of functional GI disorders (FGIDs). It was prepared by an invited committee of international experts and represents an abbreviated version of their consensus document that will be published in its entirety in the forthcoming book and online version entitled ROME IV. It emphasizes recent advances...

The Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) continues to be the preeminent gathering for HIV/AIDS researchers. It provides a forum in which investigators involved in all aspects of research on HIV/AIDS and related conditions can present and be updated on the latest scientific developments in the field. In 2017, basic research continued to be strongly represented at the co...

Alterations in thrombosis and fibrinolysis comprise important parts of stroke pathophysiology. A key step in the fibrinolytic process includes the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated conversion of the proenzyme plasminogen into the active protease plasmin, which in turn degrades the fibrin structure of intravascular thrombi. There are a number of review articles well summarizing mo...

The 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections was held in Atlanta, Georgia, and featured strong coverage in several basic science categories. Presentations on viral reservoir and cure research covered a variety of topics, including approaches to gauge viral reservoir size in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, approaches to reactivate latently infected cells, and ...

Tendinopathy is a common clinical problem with athletes and in many occupational settings. Tendinopathy can occur in any tendon, often near its insertion or enthesis where there is an area of stress concentration, and is directly related to the volume of repetitive load to which the tendon is exposed. Recent studies indicate tendinopathy is more likely to occur in situations that increase the "...