diabetes mellitus is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. therefore, this research study was conducted to evaluate time-dependent changes in passive avoidance and y-maze performance in male diabetic rats. for this purpose, male wistar rats were randomly divided into control and diabetic groups. for induction of di...

Non-Player-Characters (NPCs), as found in computer games, can be modelled as intelligent systems, which serve to improve the interactivity and playability of the games. Although reinforcement learning (RL) has been a promising approach to creating the behaviour models of non-player characters (NPC), an initial stage of exploration and low performance is typically required. On the other hand, im...

the steady growing innovations in the area of information and communication technology have raised new concepts and possibilities in different life aspects. in the field of further education and professional training, electronic learning and web-based education are perhaps the most prominent ones. proponents of this technology claim that e-learning courses are at least as effective as correspon...

The advent of the Internet-based applications into the academic settings engendered a wide range of dynamic virtual paradigms such as e-learning, e-research, and digital libraries. The networked information and e-learning processes however have brought about information overload and search anxiety to the end-users. Such phenomena created urgent needs for developing effective eliteracy scenarios...

bakground: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a cd4+ t cell-mediated autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (cns). it was previously believed that th1 cells were pathogenic t cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). however, the functional role of th1 cells in eae has been reconsidered upon the discovery of il-17- producing t cells which are consider as dominant effect...

background: astrocytes, which comprise ~90% of overall brain mass, are involved in brain immunity. these cells represent the non-professional class of cns-resident apcs and may promote or inhibit cns inflammation depending on the cytokines they secrete. il-10 family of cytokines and their receptors, il-20r1 and il-20r2, may have a role in shifting astrocytes to a neuroprotective or neurodegener...

background:  new discoveries about the pathophysiology changed the concept that all forms of osteoarthritis are alike; this lead to the delineation of different phenotypes such as age, trauma or obese related forms. we aim to compare soluble mediator profiles in primary knee and posttraumatic wrist osteoarthritis. based on the general faster progression rate of wrist osteoarthritis, we hypothes...

I will focus on arguments against classical deductive and inductive logic (“relevantist” and “grue” arguments). The talk is mainly defensive. I won’t offer positive accounts of the “paradoxical” cases I will discuss (but, see “Extras”). I’ll begin with Harman’s defense of classical deductive logic against certain (epistemological) “relevantist” arguments. Then, I’ll argue that if you like Harma...

Although it is widely believed that information literacy (IL) competencies are useful in helping students perform better in their schoolwork and beyond, limited empirical evidence is available showing the relationship between IL competencies and IL education. While a lot of research has been done worldwide and most of the findings have proven that IL is a much-needed skill by students, little r...

Inflammation contributes to cognitive impairment in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, the process by which peripheral inflammation results in cognitive impairment remains unclear. In animal models, neuroinflammation and altered neurotransmission mediate cognitive impairment. Taking into account these data, we hypothesized that in rats with HE: (1) peripheral inflammation is a ...