The development of drug resistance and cross-resistance continues to pose a challenge to successful long-term antiretroviral therapy despite the availability of new antiretroviral agents. The genetic barrier to resistance of a regimen does not directly correlate with its effectiveness. For some regimens with a low genetic barrier to resistance, however, the emergence of only 1 or 2 key resistan...

Packaging of DNA into chromatin affects all processes on DNA. Nucleosomes present a strong barrier to transcription, raising important questions about the nature and the mechanisms of overcoming the barrier. Recently it was shown that DNA sequence, DNA-histone interactions and backtracking by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) all contribute to formation of the barrier. After partial uncoiling of nucle...

A numerical simulation of spin-dependent quantum transport for a spin field effect transistor is implemented in a widely used simulator, nanoMOS. This method includes the effect of both spin scattering in the channel and the tunneling barrier between the source/drain and the channel. Accounting for these factors permits setting more realistic performance limits for the transistor, especially th...

In addition to acting as a physical barrier against microorganisms, the skin produces antimicrobial peptides and proteins. After wounding, growth factors are produced to stimulate the regeneration of tissue. The growth factor response ceases after regeneration of the tissue, when the physical barrier protecting against microbial infections is re-established. We found that the growth factors imp...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a cellular barrier formed by specialized brain endothelial cells under the influence of astrocytes and pericytes. Among the several stress factors known to induce BBB breakdown, hypoxia is probably the most represented but also the least understood. Recent evidence of oxidative stress occurring during hypoxia/ischemia situation raises its possible contribution t...

one of the quranic concepts concerning the hereafter is the lofty barrier (araf) and their men regarding which the words of revelation of 46-49 in araf surah in the holy quran have pointed this concept. there are different viewpoints among commentators concerning what and where the lofty barrier is, and also who the men of the lofty barrier are. regarding this, different viewpoints have been ta...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic skin disease worldwide. It affects about 20% of children and 5% of adults. Patients with persistent or severe AD suffer from profound impairment of their quality of life. Additionally, AD places a heavy economic burden on patients and their family. AD is strongly associated with the development of food allergy, bronchial asthma, and allergic rhi...

in this paper, using a one-dimensional simulation model, the reforming process of sour gas, i.e. ch4, co2, and h2s, to the various charged particles and syngas in a dielectric barrier discharge (dbd) reactor is studied. an electric field is applied across the reactor radius, and thus a non-thermal plasma discharge is formed within the reactor. based on the space-time coupled finite element meth...