In this study, root bark of Ulmus pumila (U. pumila) was extracted with ethanol, and then the antimicrobial effects were tested on clinically isolated 12 MRSA strains and 1 standard MRSA strain. U. pumila showed antibacterial activities against all MRSA strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of U. pumila root bark against all MRSA strains revealed a range from 125 to 250  μ g/mL. These...

The idea that phytopathogenic fungi associated with tree-killing bark beetles are critical for overwhelming tree defenses and incurring host tree mortality, herein called the classic paradigm (CP), has driven research on bark beetle-fungus symbiosis for decades. It has also strongly influenced our views of bark beetle ecology. We discuss fundamental flaws in the CP, including the lack of consis...

PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to prepare inhalable co-spray dried powders of salmon calcitonin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (sCT-CS-NPs) with mannitol and investigate pulmonary absorption in rats. METHODS The sCT-CS-NPs were prepared by the ionic gelation method using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking polyion. Inhalable dry powders were obtained by co-spray drying a...

This study investigated speaker sex differences in F2 Locus equations (F2 LEs) based on linearly (Hz) and tonotopically (Bark) scaled formant measurements. F2 data based on English monosyllabic words produced by thirteen women and eleven men were tonotopically scaled [20, 21] and F2 LEs were derived for both the linear and tonotopically scaled formant values. Although the overall sex difference...

Forest ecosystems where periodical tree bark harvesting is a major economic activity may be particularly vulnerable to disturbances such as fire, since debarking usually reduces tree vigour and protection against external agents. In this paper we asked how cork oak Quercus suber trees respond after wildfires and, in particular, how bark harvesting affects post-fire tree survival and resprouting...

amount of information about what contemporaries felt they knew and what they did in actual practice. The first twothirds of the book covers such topics as remedies, diseases, healthy living, surgery and the knowledge, prevention and cure of the plague. And through this Part I, Wear addresses the similarities, differences, continuities and changes reflected in the ideas and practices of learned ...

Subcutaneous treatment of 50% EtOH extract of neem bark (Azadirachta indica A. juss) to male rats at the dose of 10 mg for 30 days caused arrest of spermatogenesis. The diameter of serminiferous tubule, Leydig cell nucleus and epithelial heights of epididymides were significantly reduced (p≤0.001). Sperm motility and density were significantly reduced. Reduced testicular and accessory organ pro...

Particulate matter accumulated on tree bark specimens was examined in order to investigate its potential use as a natural monitor to study the impact on local atmospheric conditions. Tree bark from sargent cherry (Prunus sargentii) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) trees was collected from four locations: Drax (North Yorkshire), Darley Dale (Derbyshire), Galway (Ireland) and Tristan da Cun...

Acetone and methanol extracts of different parts of three Vitex species (leaves and stem bark of Vitex trifolia, leaves, stem bark and root bark of Vitex schiliebenii and stem and root bark of Vitex payos) were evaluated for their potential to control Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). The extracts gave different levels and rate of mortality of the larvae. Some (methanol ...