Written around 990 A.D Hidayat-Motaallemin Fil Tibb (Students’ Guide in Medicine) is the oldest general medical Text known to have been written in modern Persian. Little is known of the author other than the fact that he was apparently a well experienced practicing physician by t he name of Abu Bakr Rabi'bin Ahmadal-Akhawaini from Bukhara who claimed to be a second generation student of R...

This study aimed to determine the presence of pathogenic Vibrio spp., S. aureus and Salmonella in 100 seafood samples purchased from retail outlets in Bursa city (Turkey). Of the samples examined including fish, mussel and shrimp, 67% were found to be contaminated with Vibrio. Presumed Vibrio spp. were identified by standard biochemical tests, and further confirmed by API 20E system. Identified...

Background and Purpose: Several classical scholars who contributed to developing the theory of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah are overlooked in contemporary studies maqāṣid. Most ‎contemporary focused on al-Juwaynī, al-Ghazālī al-Shāṭibī. However, studying a requires investigating all works that pioneered without discrimination. This could provide new insights for study paper addresses this oversight by r...

Umar Ibn al-Khattab (584-644 M) was the second caliph in Islamic history after replacing Abu Bakr al-Siddiq. He one of companions Prophet SAW who had strong morals, energetic, fair, and wise, a firm complex character, managerial administrative abilities. as caliph, only ruled for more than ten years, but that short period, there were many successes advancements experienced by society, especiall...

Rasm 'Utsmānī is a model for writing the Koran which was agreed during Khalifah "Utsmān bin 'Affān by copying manuscripts that had been collected at time of Abu Bakr al Shiddīq into several manuscripts. Then sent to various Islamic areas along with qurrā` be used as guidelines Muslims. Scholars have different views regarding 'Utsmāni rasm something must followed or not. three opinions. First, '...