A common decay scenario in old and new buildings was simulated: the effects on masonry structures of salt efflorescence or subefflorescence produced by the rise of saline solution. Eight different types of masonry wall each made up of a combination of different construction materials (brick, calcarenite and four types of mortar were combined as follows: pure lime mortar, mortar + air entraining...

Leaching of Arsenic from high Arsenic loaded iron oxide impregnated brick sands (IOI CBCM) was investigated using common household chemicals like common salt and soda ash, the industrial chemicals caustic soda and the phosphates used as fertilizers such as potassium hydrogen phosphate and TSP. Leaching by ordinary ground water was also investigated on the arsenic saturated iron oxide impregnate...

The composition process of the acousmatic piece Gazelle Rain Petals began with the construction of the elemental pitch and rhythmic modules – the organogeometric brick modules, as a musical metaphor to Dubuffet’s lithographic series Les Murs. These brick modules are 4-pitch series (tetrachords) that cover all possible pitch permutations to represent 4-sided geometric as well as organo-geometric...

An investigation focused on the transformation and distribution behaviors of trace elements and natural radionuclides around a coal gangue brick plant was conducted. Simultaneous sampling of coal gangue, brick, fly ash and flue gas were implemented. Soil, soybean and earthworm samples around the brick plant were also collected for comprehensive ecological assessment. During the firing process, ...

Background Manual brick-manufacturing units in India engage a large number of female workers on a daily-wage basis for a period of 8 months per year. There are two groups of female workers in the brickfields: the brick molders and the brick carriers. These brickfields are mostly unorganized, and the workers are exposed to extreme conditions such as very high seasonal heat. The present trend of ...

Concentration of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in eighteen baked bread samples using gas oven toasting were evaluated in this study. Samples were classified into the following categories: (1) bread baked from white wheat flour, (2) bread baked from brown wheat flour, and (3) sandwich bread baked from white wheat flour. Analysis was performed by GC-MS after Soxhlet extraction of the...

This paper examines the effect of non-uniformmicrostructures on themacroscopic fracture properties of idealized brick and mortar composites, which consist of rigid bricks bonded with elastic–plastic mortar that ruptures at finite strain. A simulation tool that harnesses the parallel processing power of graphics processing units (GPUs) was used to simulate fracture in virtual specimens, whose mi...

This paper presents a novel interface element for the geometric and material nonlinear analysis of unreinforced brick-masonry structures. In the proposed modelling approach, the blocks are modelled using 3D continuum solid elements, while the mortar and brick-mortar interfaces are modelled by means of the 2D nonlinear interface element. This enables the representation of any 3D arrangement for ...

BACKGROUND Bricks have been manufactured in Nepal for hundreds of years and are seen as a component of Nepalese sculpture and architecture. Large quantities of hazardous materials including high concentrations of particulate matter are emitted on a daily basis from brick kilns. Exposure to these hazardous materials can lead to adverse consequences on the environment and human health. This study...

This thesis presents a virtual disk cluster called END, the Expandable Network Disk. END aggregates storage on a cluster of servers into a single virtual disk. END'S main goals are to offer good performance during normal operation, and efficiently handle changes in the cluster membership. END achieves these goals using a two-layer design, in which storage "bricks," servers that consist of CPU, ...