The OIE recommends eradication of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) at its poultry source to decrease the virus load in susceptible avian species and environment and therewith to decrease the risk of human infection with those avian influenza viruses that have zoonotic potential, to secure the production sector and trade, as well as to safeguard food security and the livelihoods of farme...

West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV) virus are enzootically maintained in North America in cycles involving the same mosquito vectors and similar avian hosts. However, these viruses exhibit dissimilar viremia and virulence phenotypes in birds: WNV is associated with high magnitude viremias that can result in mortality in certain species such as American crows (AMCRs, Corvus b...

Avian diversity of two zones within the main campus IMSIU University was studied during period from July 2019 to June 2020. A total number 1,653 individual birds recorded across which falls under fifteen species belonging thirteen families. Out this number, 760 them were in Zone-A versus 893 Zone-B. Species richness 15 while Zone-B 13. Census index Birds as follows: 4.6 Birds/ha and 7.9 both Zo...

A meta-analysis approach was used to extract the frequency of avian seropositivity to West Nile Virus (WNV) (fS) and mortality from WNV (fM) from the literature published between the years 2001-2010. The indices, fS and fM, were used to represent states of resistance (seropositivity with no or limited mortality) and susceptibility in birds (detection of WNV with mortality), respectively. The in...

With examples from Australo-Papuan ornithology, we examine the technical and theoretical roots of molecular phylogeography and review its development. We describe the progression from ad hoc interpretation of gene trees in single species phylogeographic studies through to comparative phylogeography and currently advocated model-testing approaches. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have provid...

Avian bornaviruses were first described in 2008 as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) parrots and their relatives (Psittaciformes). To date, 15 genetically highly diverse avian covering at least five viral species have been discovered different bird orders. Currently, primary diagnostic tool is detection RNA by conventional or real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). One drawbac...

samples of formalin fixed gastrointestinal organs of three month ostrich chicks were submitted to the department of pathology, razi vaccine and serum research institute. histologically hepatitis and pancreatitis with large eosinophilic intra nuclear inclusion bodies were prominent in hepatic and pancreatic cells. these inclusions were suspected as adenovirus inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) in va...

Abstract Avian mixed-species flocks are ubiquitous across habitats and a model for studying how heterospecific sociality influences the behavior composition of animal communities. Here, we review literature on argue that renewed focus individual-level interactions among flock members can transform our understanding this iconic, avian social system. Specifically, suggest an individual perspectiv...

The ability to attach to host cells is one of the main determinants of the host range of influenza A viruses. By using virus histochemistry, we investigate the pattern of virus attachment of both a human and an avian influenza virus in colon and trachea sections from 12 wild bird species. We show that significant variations exist, even between closely related avian species, which suggests that ...