OBJECTIVE The authors discuss empirical studies of human-automation interaction and their implications for automation design. BACKGROUND Automation is prevalent in safety-critical systems and increasingly in everyday life. Many studies of human performance in automated systems have been conducted over the past 30 years. METHODS Developments in three areas are examined: levels and stages of ...

OBJECTIVE A driving simulator was used to assess the impact on fatigue, stress, and workload of full vehicle automation that was initiated by the driver. BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that mandatory use of full automation induces a state of "passive fatigue" associated with loss of alertness. By contrast, voluntary use of automation may enhance the driver's perceptions of control and...

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the current trend in automobile engineering toward automation of many of the functions previously performed by the driver. Working on the assumption that automation in aviation represents the basic model for driver automation, the costs and benefits of automation in aviation are explored as a means of establishing where automation of drivers tas...

Electric power distribution system is an important part of electrical power systems in delivery of electricity to consumers. Automation in the distribution field allows utilities to implement flexible control of distribution systems, which can be used to enhance efficiency, reliability, and quality of electric service. Presently, worldwide research and development efforts are focused in the are...

Three solutions for novel distribution automation implemented in medium voltage networks were developed as a theoretical study. The distribution automation studied included intelligent local automation arrangements also useable for ringtype networks. The profitability of the new technique was evaluated by comparing the costs of the automation investments to the savings obtained in the economic ...

The level of automation employed in semi-automated assembly systems is crucial, both to system performance and cost. This paper presents a methodology to enable selection of the right Level of Automation. The method thoroughly maps existing product and information flows as well as the automation level in separate parts of the system. It then analyses and identifies future automation possibiliti...

Ten years after Earl Wiener’s (1989) classic survey of pilot attitudes toward automation, researchers have once again turned to pilot attitudes to measure how pilots think and feel about the automation in the airplanes they fly. Psychologists have measured attitudes as mediators of human behavior for decades based on the assumption that attitudes and behavior are highly correlated (see Abelson,...

Automation is often problematic because people fail to rely upon it appropriately. Because people respond to technology socially, trust influences reliance on automation. In particular, trust guides reliance when complexity and unanticipated situations make a complete understanding of the automation impractical. This review considers trust from the organizational, sociological, interpersonal, p...

In multiple industries, including the biopharmaceutical industry, automation is synonymous with increased productivity. Environments with high-throughput needs commonly employ automation for efficiency. However, in a discovery bioanalytical ligand-binding assay laboratory setting where the focus is not necessarily on sample analysis throughput, but instead on assay development and characterizat...