The ethics of placebo research have been of paramount concern since the discovery of the phenomenon. To address these ethical concerns, Miller and colleagues (PLoS Med 2005 Sep;2(9):e262, 0853-0859) propose an alternate approach to placebo research, called "authorized deception", in which participants are alerted of the use of deception in the research prior to study enrollment and thus knowing...

Social organisms rank among the most abundant and ecologically dominant species on Earth, in part due to exclusive recognition systems that allow cooperators to be distinguished from exploiters. Exploiters, such as social parasites, manipulate their hosts' recognition systems, whereas cooperators are expected to minimize interference with their partner's recognition abilities. Despite our wealt...

Developing countries like India, where doctor to patient ratio is around 1:1700, as large number of population lives in villages and remotely located area. Health check-up of such a large population is very challenging for their government due to less number of qualified doctors, highly qualified doctor refuges to work in villages and remotely placed areas. This paper proposes a new idea by whi...

Rangelands are known as one of the main income resources for their exploiters.In the recent century, management of Iran rangeland has undergone vast transformationsbecause of vulnerable socio-economic conditions of pastoralists. A study was done toprovide a clear picture of the status and utilization of Aq Qala rangelands via assessinginternal and external environmental factors affecting the ut...

Secret image sharing mechanisms have been widely applied to the military, ecommerce, and communications fields. Zhao et al. introduced the concept of cheater detection into image sharing schemes recently. This functionality enables the image owner and authorized members to identify the cheater in reconstructing the secret image. Here, we provide an analysis of Zhao et al.’s method: an authorize...

Rates of human migration are steadily rising and have resulted in significant sociopolitical debates over how to best respond to increasing cultural diversity and changing migration patterns. Research on prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants has focused on the attitudes and beliefs that individuals in the receiving country hold about immigrants. The current study enhances this literature by e...

Xiaohua Zhu is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Library and Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; e-mail: [email protected]. Kristin R. Eschenfelder is Associate Professor in the School of Library and Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; e-mail: eschenfelder@wisc. edu. © Xiaohua Zhu and Kristin R. Eschenfelder This paper analyzes changes to the defini...