Abstract Functional properties of nanomaterials strongly depend on their surface atomic structures, but they often become largely different from bulk exhibiting reconstructions and relaxations. However, most the characterization methods are either limited to 2D measurements or not reaching true 3D atomic-scale resolution, single-atom level determination structure for general still remains elusi...

Abstract Understanding and controlling the mechanism of energy conversion related to development a sustainable society not only make our lives more convenient but also them meaningful enrichens us. The physical properties at interface between solid liquid (solid/liquid interface) play significant role in conversion. solid/liquid is buried spatially limited, thus clarifying atomic scale challeng...

A quantum theory of a two and three-level laser with injected atomic coherence is developed by using a density operator method, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. The initial atomic coherence plays an essential role. At steady state, the equation of motion for the density operator yields to exhibit laser without inversion and a phase locking but no threshold for the laser fie...