Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including in the United States. Fortunately, the major risk factors contributing to the development of atherosclerotic CVD have been detailed in epidemiological studies, and randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of lowering elevated levels of risk factors. Yet, one of the most challeng...

For prevention andmanagement of diabetes complications in children and adolescents, please refer to Section 11 “Children and Adolescents.” In all patients with diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors should be systematically assessed at least annually. These risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, a family history of premature coronary disease, and the presence of albuminuria. A...

Metabolic syndrome (MS), that has received increased attention in the past few years, consists of multiple, interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin that appear to directly promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Most important of these underlying risk factors are abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Other associated conditions include physical inact...

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common atherosclerotic disease affecting the quality of life of > 8 million Americans. PAD is characterized by atherosclerotic stenoses of arteries that supply the lower extremities and is associated with a marked increase in the short-term risk of heart attack, stroke, amputation, and death. Adherence to pharmacological therapies and modification of lifes...

For prevention and management of diabetes complications in children and adolescents, please refer to Section 12 “Children and Adolescents.” Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)ddefined as acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), a history of myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral art...

For prevention and management of diabetes complications in children and adolescents, please refer to Section 12 “Children and Adolescents.” Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)ddefined as acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), a history of myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral art...

ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE YOUNG ADULT: FEWER HYPOTHESES, MORE FACTS (Abstract): Several studies have reported early atherosclerotic changes in arterial wall of young adults, although they usually become symptomatic after age 40 years. Initially, some sporadic and limited data were available to document the atherosclerotic lesions in young adults; early subclinical assessment were later possible us...

Prospective epidemiologic studies have established risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, including: advanced age, smoking, obesity, diabetes or glucose intolerance, elevated blood lipids, hypertension and sedentary life habits. Many of these factors are closely related to modern lifestyles and can be modified. They have been used for the risk estimation and the planning of p...

BACKGROUND It is estimated that about half of cardiovascular disease risk is explained by conventional risk factors. The realization that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease has led to a search for new stroke and cardiovascular disease risk factors and treatments. As such, the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque has become the main focus for new medical strategies for plaque stabilization ...

BACKGROUND Common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and distensibility are markers of structural and functional vessel wall properties. Both parameters have been found in population-based studies to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease. We investigated cross-sectionally whether IMT and distensibility are associated with cardiovascular risk in pa...