Neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and primary motor cortex (MI) have been compared in many experiments during performance of many different motor tasks. On one hand, the activity in both areas may appear similar, especially when the motor task is simple. On the other hand, if the motor tasks are more demanding, neuronal activity in the SMA exhibits a variety of complex rel...

One important challenge of microsystems design is the implementation of miniaturized actuation principles efficient at the micro-scale. Shape Memory Alloys have early on been considered as a potential solution to this problem as these materials offer attractive properties like a high-power to weight ratio, large deformation and the capability to be processed at the microscale. This paper review...

Spontaneous motor activity (SMA) is a ubiquitous feature of fetal and infant behavior. Although SMA appears random, successive limb movements often occur in bouts. Bout organization was evident at all ages in fetal (embryonic day [E] 17-21) and infant (postnatal day [P] 1-9) rats, with nearly all bouts comprising 1-4 movements of different limbs. A computational model of SMA, including spontane...

plan irregularity causes local damages being concentrated in the irregular buildings. progressive collapse is also the collapse of a large portion or whole building due to the local damages in the structure. the effect of irregularity on the progressive collapse potential of the buildings is investigated in this study. this is carried out by progressive collapse evaluation of the asymmetric mid...

spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by the loss of α-motor neurons in the spinal cord. the survival motor neuron (smn) protein is encoded by 2 genes, smn1 and smn2. the most frequent mutation is the biallelic deletion of exon 7 of the smn1 gene. smn2 cannot compensate for the loss of smn1, due to the exclusion of exon 7. carrier frequency ...

In human, both primary and nonprimary motor areas are involved in the control of voluntary movements. However, the dynamics of functional coupling among different motor areas has not been fully clarified yet. Because it has been proposed that the functional coupling among cortical areas might be achieved by the synchronization of oscillatory activity, we investigated the electrocorticographic c...

This paper considers advertising, collection and pricing decisions simultaneously for a closed-loop supplychain(CLSC) with one manufacturer(he) and two retailers(she). A multiplicatively separable new demand function is proposed which influenced by pricing and advertising. In this paper, three well-known scenarios in the game theory including the Nash, Stackelberg and Cooperative games are expl...

In the present work a non-linear dynamic response of a continuous sandwich beam with SMA hybrid composite face sheets and flexible core is analyzed taking into account the phase transformation and also the material non-linearity effects, for every point along the face sheets. The one-dimensional constitutive equation of SMA proposed by Brinson is employed. Equations of motion are derived using ...

To define alterations of neuronal connectivity that occur during motor neuron degeneration, we characterized the function and structure of spinal circuitry in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) model mice. SMA motor neurons show reduced proprioceptive reflexes that correlate with decreased number and function of synapses on motor neuron somata and proximal dendrites. These abnormalities occur at an ...

Nowadays, steel shear walls are used as efficient lateral-load-resistant systems due to their high lateral stiffness and carrying capacity. In this paper, the effect of substituting a shape memory alloy (SMA) material is investigated instead of using conventional steel in the shear wall. A numerical study is conducted using finite element method (FEM) by OpenSees software. For this purpose, at ...