The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to assimilate nutrients from their host environment is one of the most fundamental aspects of infection. To counteract this, hosts attempt to withhold essential micro-nutrients from potentially harmful microbes to limit, or even prevent, their growth. This process is called nutritional immunity. For example, vertebrates, such as humans, express several i...

Professional intelligence analysts typically have access to a vast quantity of open source information, mostly unstructured free-text. Much of it is out on the Web, on CDs, email and on scattered office documents. When faced with a tight deadline they have to assimilate the information at their fingertips and write to prepare a report or brief. Very often crucial business or military decisions ...

Low-tech industries, usually defined as industries with a low R&D component, constitute an essential part of the economy in several countries. Providing knowledge on how these industries may sustain economic growth and welfare in the future, therefore represent a key policy issue. In this article a network approach to technical change is applied. The socio-economic trajectory followed by one of...

Abstract. Monitoring the evolution of snowpack properties in mountainous areas is crucial for avalanche hazard forecasting and water resources management. In situ remotely sensed observations provide precious information on state but usually offer limited spatio-temporal coverage bulk or surface variables only. particular, visible–near-infrared (Vis–NIR) reflectance can about are by terrain sha...

Short-range ocean forecast and reanalysis systems routinely combine observations from satellite altimetry, satellite sea surface temperature (SST), and in situ temperature and salinity, to initialise global and regional ocean models. The most critical observation type for eddy-resolving applications is arguably satellite altimetry. To quantify the impact of satellite altimetry observations on a...