Spasticity is a sign of upper motor neurone lesion, which can be located in the cerebrum or the spinal cord, and be caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, brain injury, cerebral paresis, or other neurological conditions. Management is dependent on clinical assessment. Positive and negative effects of spasticity should be considered. Ashworth score and the modified Ashworth sc...

Consumers are taking unprecedented interest in the way food is produced, processed and marketed and are increasingly calling for their governments to accept greater responsibility for food safety and consumer protection (FAO/WHO, 2003). There is growing concern for ways in assessing possible preventive and corrective actions in order to develop new practices to reduce or eliminate different haz...

Risk assessment provides the possibility of planning and management to prevent and reduce the risk of desertification. The present study is aimed to assess the hazard and risk of desertification and to develop management programs in the semi-arid western regions of Golestan Province in Iran. Desertification rate was obtained using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment. Since...

OBJECTIVE to study the perception of a Neonatal Intensive Care team on pain assessment and management before and after an educational intervention created and implemented in the unit. METHODS intervention study developed as action research, in three phases. In Phase 1, a quantitative study was performed to identify how professionals perceive pain management in the unit. In Phase 2, an educati...

BACKGROUND Although Dutch forensic psychiatry is making increasing use of structural risk assessment scales, the controversy about the value and usefulness of these instruments continues unabated. AIM To provide an overview of the psychometric qualities of the instruments used most often in the Netherlands for risk assessment in adults. METHOD Dutch data about the Historical, Clinical, and ...

There is also a growing consensus that evidence of teachers’ contributions to student learning should be a component of teacher evaluation systems, along with evidence about the quality of teachers’ practice. “Value Added Models” (VAMs) for looking at gains in student test scores from one year to the next are promoted as tools to accomplish this goal. Policy makers can benefit from research abo...

Wound-related pain can cause significant distress and may lead to reduced quality of life. This article provides an overview of the management and treatment of pain in patients with chronic wounds. The importance of undertaking a thorough pain assessment using pain measuring scales is also discussed.