The objective of this paper is to construct an implementable theory of rational decision-making for cognitive agents subject to realistic resource constraints. It is argued that decision-making should select actions indirectly by selecting plans that prescribe them. It is also argued that although expected values provide the tool for evaluating plans, plans cannot be compared straightforwardly ...

one of the most important philosophical consequences that have left an enormous impact on some philosophical issues is the substantial motion theory. it is a comprehensive theory, which opens new perspectives to many of the philosophical problems, including movement of the soul (nafs) that mullā ṣadrā, contrary to the earlier philosophers, viewed as of substantial (essential) movement kind. the...

the present article is an attempt to study theoretical aspects of justice in the precept of the holy prophet of islam, by focusing on practical and objective results. in the first place, the necessity and significance of political justice has been explained in three parts. in the next step, the nature, levels and foundation of justice in the viewpoint of the holy prophet are discussed. for purp...

the question has always been raised throughout history whether human beings need to follow the prophets or divine revelation to achieve salvation. there will be no need, as some believe, to follow divine teachings once human beings reach intellectual maturity; however, others insist on the permanent need for guidance from god due to inadequacy of human reason. in the third or fourth century ah,...