abstract stepped spillways are of most important hydraulic constructions to dissipation energy of water flow. these constructions are used in opening channel to transfer water from upper level to lower level. because of considerable effect of steps on flow dissipation energy and also the resulted developments in construction of roller competed concrete rcc, the mentioned constructions have draw...

development of sensors to detect the location and depth of hard pans in real time is a major restriction on the application of site specific crop management (sscm). in this study, a soil compaction profile sensor equipped with four horizontal operating penetro-meters for on-the-go sensing and mapping of the location and intensity of hard pans arti-ficially formed in a soil bin was developed and...

introduction: well type ionization chamber is a measuring device which is used to determine the activity of brachytherapy sources. the chamber has a cylindrical volume in which a cylindrical tube is mounted in the middle of the chamber. for the measurements, the brachytherapy sources are transferred to the middle of the tube. materials and methods: for designing the well type chamber, the measu...

Introduction: Dental turbine chamber is a suitable reservoir for living microorganisms, so chamber sterilization is necessary for reducing cross contamination risk. On the other hand, in non-vacuum autoclaves, steam penetration into turbine chamber is doubtful, while they are still in use in dental clinics. In this study, performance of small non-vacuum autoclave in turbine chamber sterilizatio...

Numerous stepped spillways were built to date, namely on RCC gravity dams or on valley flanks besides embankment or rockfill dams, while some others are currently under design or construction. In some cases, slope changes may be required on stepped chutes, due to the topography, leading to reduced excavation and related economic benefits. A quite limited number of stepped spillways have been bu...

BACKGROUND There is limited guidance on the design of stepped wedge cluster randomised trials. Current methodological literature focuses mainly on trials with cross-sectional data collection at discrete times, yet many recent stepped wedge trials do not follow this design. In this article, we present a typology to characterise the full range of stepped wedge designs, and offer guidance on sever...

[1] High‐speed video images of eight branches of a lightning stepped leader recorded at a frame rate of 300 kiloframes per second (kfps) (3.33 ms exposure) are analyzed, representing the fastest published frame rate measurements of stepped leader stepping by about 1 order of magnitude and the first observations of space stems/leaders associated with stepped leaders. Sixteen occurrences of space...

BACKGROUND Depression in women is one of the commonest problems encountered in primary care. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of a stepped-care programme with usual care in primary-care management of depression in low-income women in Santiago, Chile. METHODS In a randomised controlled trial, in three primary-care clinics in Chile, 240 adult female primary-care patients with major depress...

Introduction: Due to its simplicity, fast response and high reliability, ion chamber detectors are one of the most suitable dosimetry instruments for X and gamma rays. The dosimeter    of photon beams, which used in radiotherapy centers, requires high accuracy and should pass requirements of IEC 60731 standards. About 80 percent of the IEC 60731 standard tests such as stabil...

introduction: knowledge of the anatomic location and dimension of the molar pulp chamber may preserve healthy pulp during operative procedure and reduce risk of perforation of chamber during access preparation. a review of literatures regarding the morphology of pulp chamber however revealed very little information; so the aim of this in vivo study was to measure the dimensions of first molar p...