薬剤耐性菌（ARB）と耐性遺伝子（ARGs）による水環境の汚染が問題となっている。現在の下水や排水の処理システムは必ずしもARBやARGsの除去を目的としておらず、下水処理場や合併浄化槽などの小規模排水処理システムはARBの主要な排出源であると同時に、ARGsの水平伝播のホットスポットであると考えられている。そのため、ARBへの感染リスクを低減するためには、下水処理場などにおけるARBやARGsの消長を明らかにする必要がある。本稿では、下水処理プロセスの三次処理となる消毒に焦点をあて、現在用いられている各種消毒技術を利用したプロセスの、ARBやARGs削減に関する利点、欠点とその改善に向けた取り組みについて概説した。また、ARBやARGsの水環境中への排出削減に向けて、今後望まれる方策や新技術開発など、更なる研究の方向性についてまとめた。

The skin is a complex organ responsible for protecting the body from physical, chemical and biological insults. microbiome known to play an important role in host infections. This study examined changes antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), biosynthesis (ABSGs) virulence factor (VFGs) on human before after swimming ocean. Skin samples were collected participants they swam ocean, at 6 h 24 post-sw...

Studies to understand the role wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play in dissemination of antibiotics (ABs), and emergence antibiotic resistance (ABR), an important tackling this global crisis. Here we describe abundance distribution 16 ABs, 4 corresponding genes (ARGs), sampled from influent five WWTPs within a single river catchment. We consider four classes antibiotics: fluroquinolones, ma...

Integrons are genetic elements capable of capturing and expressing open reading frames (ORFs) embedded within gene cassettes. They are involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in clinically important pathogens. Although the ARGs are common in the oral cavity the association of integrons and antibiotic resistance has not been reported there. In this work, a PCR-based a...

Software which simulates, infers, or analyzes ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) faces the problem of communicating them. Existing formats omit information either about the location of recombinations along the chromosome or the position of recombinations relative to the branching topology. We present a specialization of GraphML, an XML-based standard for mathematical graphs, for communicatio...

Attributed Relational Graph (ARG) is a useful model for representing many real-world relational patterns. Computing the similarity of ARGs is a fundamental problem for ARG based modelling. This report presents a novel stochastic framework for computing the similarity of ARGs, which defines the ARG similarity as the likelihood ratio of the stochastic process that transforms one ARG to the other....

In this paper, a retrieval methodology for 3D articulated objects is presented that relies upon a graphbased object representation. The methodology is composed of a mesh segmentation stage which creates the Attributed Relation Graph (ARG) of the object along with a graph matching algorithm which matches two ARGs. The graph matching algorithm is based on the Earth Movers Distance (EMD) similarit...

One of the most important evolutionary forces is recombination, it increases genetic diversity and promotes adaptation through exchange of genetic material and where existent mutations are shuffled. Knowledge about recombination is, for example, fundamental to understand genome structure (Reich et al., 2001), phenotypic diversity (Zhang et al., 2002), and diverse genetic diseases (Daly et al., ...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious problem for modern society, not only associated with clinical environments, but also the natural environment. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important nodes dissemination of antibiotic to aquatic environment since they reservoirs antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), genes (ARGs), and residues. WWTPs designed remove these determin...

Alternate Reality Games (ARG) can be used to reinforce classroom knowledge by encouraging collective learning practices and focusing on new media literacy skills. An ARG creates a game space from realworld locations by relying on information, both online and offline, to physically involve players in a game ‘space’. While the majority of large ARGs, to date, have been used as part of marketing c...