In this article, demand equations for import of consumer, intermediate and capital goods for the period 1971(2) to 1999(1), is estimated and analyzed, using the ARDL Pesaran & Shin method. The results show that the behavior of the different categories of imported goods in Iran is best explained by the parallel market exchange rate, implying this rate is a closer approximation fir the opportunit...

Climate change can disrupt food availability and reduce access to by affecting agricultural production in the world. Thus, current empirical study investigates impacts of climate on rice over different regions Punjab, Pakistan for period 1979–2018. The bound test co-integration method with autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) was used explore symmetric relationship between production. Furtherm...

The problem of air pollution caused by carbon dioxide emissions has gradually attracted the international community’s attention. study shows effect foreign direct investment on in East Asia. Based 2011–2020 panel data Asian countries, long- and short-term impacts trade, (FDI), economic growth (CO 2) these nations are estimated using an autoregressive distributed lag model. results show that sho...

This study examines the impact of exports, imports, and trade openness on Namibia’s economic growth using ARDL cointegration method. The results reveal a significant negative relationship between imports growth, while exports show positive relationships with growth. Moreover, short-term is driven by openness. findings suggest that liberalisation export-led are crucial for development. Overall, ...

This paper focused on the endogenous and exogenous factors that affect China's sustainable energy system (SES). 19 Endogenous factors, from economic sustainability dimension, social environmental dimension security assessed SES by entropy method-analytic hierarchy process-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation method (EM-AHP-CRITIC). We used urbanization, foreign direct investmen...

This paper examines the nexus between financial development and energy consumption in South Africa. To determine long run short relationship Africa, uses an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag bounds test (ARDL) Granger causality to establish type of correlation 1980 2018. ARDL testing method offers concrete long-run estimates t-statistics as it is flexible whether adopted variables are I(0) or I(1...

The main aim of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship between three pillars economy: unemployment, inflation, and GDP in Ethiopia using cross-wavelet transform (XWT) analysis, multivariate Student-t generalized autoregressive score (GAS) model, distributed lag (ARDL) model. dynamics indicators were also investigated Toda–Yamamoto (TY) causality test. empirical findings from XWT meth...