There are a number of developments where new dry tree platform drilling rigs are specified. In some cases the geographical location, number of wells to be drilled and the ongoing life of field intervention requirements lead to the need for a permanent rig installation. The majority of permanent offshore rig installations has in the main been confined to the N. Sea region. As a result there is a...

UNLABELLED Many RNA viruses are detected by retinoic acid-inducible gene i (RIG-I), a cytoplasmic sensor that triggers an antiviral response upon binding non-self-RNA that contains a stretch of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) bearing a base-paired 5' ppp nucleotide. To gain insight into how RIG-I discriminates between self-RNA and non-self-RNA, we used duplexes whose complementary bottom strand con...

Retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG‑I) is upregulated during all‑trans retinoic acid (ATRA)‑induced terminal granulocytic differentiation of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells. However, the function and mechanism of RIG‑I in NB4 cells remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, lentivirus‑mediated RIG‑I‑knockdown was used to investigate the proliferation, cell cycle and apop...

Detection of viral nucleic acids by pattern recognition receptors initiates type I interferon (IFN) induction and innate antiviral response. The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), including RIG-I and MDA5, recognize cytoplasmic viral RNA in most cell types and are critically involved in innate antiviral response. RIG-I and MDA5 are structurally related and mediate similar signaling pathways. While th...

RIG-I is an intracellular RNA virus sensor that mediates a signaling pathway that triggers the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) immune defenses. However, the mechanism for regulation of RIG-I activity remains largely unknown. Here we show that RIG-I activity is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in its repressor domain (RD). Threonine at amino acid (aa) 770 and serine at aa 854 t...

Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a key regulator of antiviral immunity. RIG-I is generally thought to be activated by ssRNA species containing a 5'-triphosphate (PPP) group or by unphosphorylated dsRNA up to ~300 bp in length. However, it is not yet clear how changes in the length, nucleotide sequence, secondary structure, and 5' end modification affect the abilities of these ligands t...

RNA virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm. RLRs are comprised of N-terminal caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs) and a DExD/H-box helicase domain. The third member of the RLR family, LGP2, lacks any CARDs and was originally identified as a negative regulator of RLR...

BACKGROUND Evidence has shown that psoriasis is closely associated with infection; however, the mechanism of this association remains unclear. In mammalian cells, viral or bacterial infection is accompanied by the release of cytosolic DNA, which in turn triggers the production of type-I interferons (IFNs). Type I IFNs and their associated genes are significantly upregulated in psoriatic lesions...

Interest in improving feed efficiency in cattle is intensifying. Residual feed intake (RFI), which is the difference between expected intake and that predicted based on energy demands, is now the most commonly used measure of feed efficiency over a given time period. However, RFI, as commonly defined, is independent of growth rate, which may affect its acceptance by industry. Residual BW gain (...

This paper describes the design of a test rig to apply a representative pressure load to full-scale composite sandwich secondary aircraft structure. A generic panel was designed with features to represent those in composite sandwich secondary aircraft structure. To provide full-field strain data from the panels, the test rig was designed for use with optical measurement techniques such as therm...