Genetic Programming is extended so that the solutions being evolved do so in the context of local domains within the total problem domain. This produces a situation where different “species” of solution develop to exploit different “niches” of the problem – indicating exploitable solutions. It is argued that for context to be fully learnable a further step of abstraction is necessary. Such cont...

Sarbanes–Oxley compliance requirements have forced firms to look at their use of spreadsheets in financial reporting. They are finding that they have many spreadsheets and that testing and other formal development disciplines are rare. The literature on spreadsheet errors has shown that without strong controls, most spreadsheets will have material errors; this means that firms that use uncontro...

One source of unnaturalness in the output of text-to-speech systems stems from the involvement of algorithmically generated default intonation contours, applied under minimal control from syntax and semantics. It is a tribute both to the resilience of human language understanding and to the ingenuity of the inventors of these algorithms that the results are as intelligible as they are. However,...

Before it is possible to assess the significance of any variation in the electrocardiographic tracing, it is necessary to know the appearances of the tracing in healthy subjects. Current practice is to record three standard limb leads, three augmented unipolar limb leads, and upwards of seven chest leads. In this way, minor variations from the normal are likely to be appreciated and more accura...

We describe a system for contextually appropriate anaphor and pronoun generation for Turkish. It uses Binding Theory and Centering Theory to model local and nonlocal reference. We describe the rules for Turkish, and their computational treatment. A cascaded method for anaphor and pronoun generation is proposed for handling pro-drop and discourse constraints on pronominalization. The system has ...

When health workers from a developing country visit a national or international "centre of excellence," they may feel frustrated rather than helped. They realise that they have no access to high technology books, journals, films, and slides, or to the new ideas on how to use them. This discovery may prompt doubts about their ability to do their work in the absence of such props. Some are tempte...

We are thankful to the referees Dr. Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi et al. and the Editor for pointing out some valuable suggestion and important notes needed in the manuscript (1). The major concern of reviewer was about the positive Hepatitis D patient (2). Due to high number of cases in our study, the prevalence of Hepatitis D is very low (3). 1) The only positive Hepatitis D is a 31 year-old w...

BACKGROUND Pityriasis versicolor is a common chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of visits for pityriasis versicolor and to assess how it is currently being treated. METHODS Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care survey were used from the years 1990-1999. RESULTS There were 2.9 million visits per year ...

The quality of health care depends, among others, on the quality of a physician's domain knowledge. Since it is impossible to keep up with all new findings and developments, physicians usually have gaps in their domain knowledge. To handle exceptional cases, access to the full range of medical literature is required. The specific literature needed for appropriate treatment of the patient is des...

I n recent years, the emphasis in providing surgical services has undergone remarkable change. Previously, patients undergoing surgical procedures remained in a hospital for many days after the operation. In 1994, 66% of all elective operations in the United States were performed on an outpatient basis (1). More complex ambulatory procedures are being performed on sicker patients (2). With the ...