Abstract The conditional probability formula is supposed to reflect the correct updating of assignments when new information incorporated. Starting from a non-atomic measure, it proved that provides only transformed measure satisfying “minimum requirement” relational assumption. This result applies standard Bayesian parametric model.

In the Prologue I recall, among others, the period of the Cold War in which, thanks to Polish colleagues, scientific contacts between East and West were maintained . After that, several aspects of the flow of mixtures of air and water will be discussed and illustrated by examples. Finally I will give some comments on the differences and similarities between fundamental and applied science and s...

The science of learning has made a considerable contribution to our understanding of effective teaching and learning strategies. However, few instructors outside of the field are privy to this research. In this tutorial review, we focus on six specific cognitive strategies that have received robust support from decades of research: spaced practice, interleaving, retrieval practice, elaboration,...

The neuroscientific study of child poverty is a topic that has only recently emerged. In comparison with previous reviews (e.g., Hackman and Farah, 2009; Lipina and Colombo, 2009; Hackman et al., 2010; Raizada and Kishiyama, 2010; Lipina and Posner, 2012), our perspective synthesizes findings, and summarizes both conceptual and methodological contributions, as well as challenges that face curre...

an art. However, throughout this century the scientific emphasis has been predominant. Technology has been considered as being applied science and craft as being applied art. In medicine we may consider clinical practice as both the applied science and also the applied art of medicine since it combines both the technology and the craft. (Fig. 1). Teaching or researching the craft of medicine wi...

Some readers will view the article by Lerman and Vorndran as controversial. It is a review of existing basic and applied research on punishment and a call for additional research on punishment. The thesis of my commentary is that the paper should not be viewed as controversial. Punishment happens. To ignore a natural phenomenon and its implications for a technology of behavior is akin to ignori...