the safavid dynasty was the first iranian centralized administration, which chose shia’a branch of islam as the official religion and the judicial system for iran. in safavi period the state officially established two separate and distinct court system. first the state courts (the urf courts) under the supervision of the secular minister of justice (divan-begi) and the secondly the islamic cour...

The courts have implemented numerous approaches to reduce the probability of recidivism among people apprehended for or convicted of driving while intoxicated. Although traditional punitive sanctions, such as fines and incarceration, are commonly used, they have not eliminated drinking and driving in the United States. Consequently, the court system has developed additional sanctioning procedur...

Medical science is continually discovering new methods and techniques. Legal rules do not generally anticipate scientific developments. Courts of law are thus often confronted with factual situations for which no definite legal rules apply. The problem is based primarily in a legal system which draws from rule& and regulations formulated at a time when future developments in science were not an...

Note to readers. What follows are drafts of six chapters of our book in progress, Seductions and Shortcuts: Fallacies in the Cognitive Economy, which is volume 3 of our omnibus work, A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems, published by Elsevier/NorthHolland. The six chapters that appear here have been drafted as stand-alone pieces, and they have not yet been integrated into a smoothly flowing u...