This study was aimed at the synthesis of fused benzothiophene derivatives containing heterocyclic moiety. The reaction of the tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives 1a,b with ethoxycarbonylisothiocyanate afforded the thiourea derivatives 2a,b. Cyclization of the latter products gave the annulated benzo[b]thienopyrimidine derivatives 3a,b. Compounds 2a,b and 3a underwent a series of heterocycli...

OBJECTIVE To review studies on treatments for bipolar depression and make recommendations for practising clinicians treating patients with bipolar depression. METHOD Studies that examined various treatments for bipolar depression were evaluated and rated for evidence of efficacy using Periodic Health Examination criteria. The rating for classification of recommendation for an intervention was...

Removal of the olfactory bulbs from the rodent induces neuronal reorganisation and the expression of behavioural, neurochemical, neuroendocrine and immune changes that resemble those observed in major depressive disorder. As such this model is widely used to examine the neurobiological substrates that may underlie the pathophysiology of depression and screen antidepressant agents. One of the mo...

338 J Clin Psychiatry 58:8, August 1997 © Coyright 997 Phsicians Poraduate Pess, nc. ne pesonal opy ay be pinted New drugs with multiple mechanisms may not only be able to reduce side effects, they might even improve antidepressant efficacy. There is a troubling clinical notion, especially among some investigators, that the SSRIs are not as powerful as the TCAs for treating patients who have se...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyse the prevalence of and sex and age distribution associated with antidepressant and antipsychotic drug exposure in the general population and to highlight recent epidemiological findings concerning specific adverse outcomes associated with drug exposure. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies indicate high rates of second-generation antidepressant and antipsychotic...

This discussion of the diagnosis, classification, and epidemiology of clinical depression includes details of the associated physical morbidity, mortality, and impairment. Treatment approaches to depressive disorders are categorized with an emphasis on medication management, including improved treatment efficacy and progress with respect to side effects and toxicity. Although considerable advan...

There are a number of reasons to consider the regulation of sleep as an essential component for understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of depression (1). For instance, sleep complaints are commonly associated with depression and form an essential criterion of the diagnosis (2). Persistent sleep disturbances increase the vulnerability to depression (3,4). EEG sleep changes associated wi...

Clinical research has shown that co-administration of eszopiclone, a sedative-hypnotic sleeping agent, and fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, exerts an additive antidepressant action in treating patients with both depression and insomnia. Preclinical studies demonstrate that the behavioural actions of antidepressants are linked to neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. To test the hypoth...

Regulation of gene transcription via the cAMP-mediated second messenger pathway has been implicated in the actions of antidepressant drugs, but studies to date have not demonstrated such an effect in vivo. To directly study the regulation of cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated gene transcription by antidepressants, transgenic mice with a CRE-LacZ reporter gene construct were administered one o...