The innate immune system is a defense mechanism that is of vital importance to our survival. However, excessive or unwanted activation of the innate immune system, which can occur in major surgery, sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury and autoimmune diseases, can lead to damage of the kidneys and other organs. Therefore, therapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating the innate immune respo...

INTRODUCTION The inflammatory reflex is a physiological mechanism through which the nervous system maintains immunologic homeostasis by modulating innate and adaptive immunity. We postulated that the reflex might be harnessed therapeutically to reduce pathological levels of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis by activating its prototypical efferent arm, termed the cholinergic anti-inflammatory...

Introduction: Nitric Oxide is an important endogenous compound that acts as bronchodilator in trachea. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) affect nitric oxide level in different tissues. The interaction of nitrergic and cholinergic systems in airways has been reported. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the interaction of cholinergic and nitrergic systems in the trachea of rats ...

The role of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the regulation of cholinergic neurotransmission has not been fully elucidated. Here we sought to develop a tool for studying vesicular acetylcholine transporter function, and we present data on the validation of our new anti-VAChT antibody. We show that the immunoreactivity of the antibody is not due to an artifact of secondary anti...

tients are impairment in cognitive performances such as attention, learning and memory, and change of cholinergic markers, including levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Since cholinergic deficits are found to be associated with cognitive decline or dementia, increase of the central cholinergic system by selective inhibition of cholinesterase is one of the more pr...

A. Distribution of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and effect of norepinephrine on the paraventricular nucleus 1603 B. Hypothalamic catecholamines and normal blood pressure 1603 C. Hypothalamic catecholamines and hypertension 1604 D. Summary 1604 E. Effect on hypothalamic noradrenergic activity of an increase in sodium intake in the young SHR 1604 F. Evidence for an increase in norepinephrin...

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a technology that provides electrical to the cervical vagus and can be applied in treatment of wide variety neuropsychiatric systemic diseases. VNS exerts its effect by stimulating vagal afferent efferent fibers, which project upward brainstem nuclei relayed circuits downward internal organs influence autonomic, neuroendocrine, neuroimmunology systems. The neuro...

Classically, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act in opposition to maintain the physiological homeostasis. In this article, we report that both systems work together to restrain systemic inflammation in life-threatening conditions such as sepsis. This study indicates that vagus nerve and cholinergic agonists activate the sympathetic noradrenergic splenic nerve to control systemic inflamm...

Cholinergic deficits are one of the most consistent neuropathological landmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have examined transgenic mouse models (PS1M146L, APPK670N,M671L) and a doubly transgenic line (APPK670N,M671L + PS1M146L) that overexpress mutated AD-related genes [presenilin-1 (PS1) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP)] to investigate the effect of AD-related gene overexpression ...