Lawrence et al (4) identified the red pigment in bracts of poinsettia as an anthocyanin. The methods employed served to identify the principal anthocyanidin (cyanidin), but not the sugar moiety. Blank (2), Robinson and Robinson (5, 6, 7), and Scott-'Moncrieff (8) reported that variation in the sugar moiety of the anthocyanin pigment affected color. They found that monoglycosides were redder tha...

The diversity of pigmentation patterns observed in plants occurs due to the spatial distribution and accumulation of colored compounds, which may also be associated with structural changes to the tissue. Anthocyanins are flavonoids that provide red/purple/blue coloration to plants, often forming complex patterns such as spots, stripes, and vein-associated pigmentation, particularly in flowers. ...

The effects of temperature, light, oxidant, soluble sugar, food additive (i.e. citric acid, benzoic acid, and ascorbic acid) and metal ions of K, Ca, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, Sn, Mg on the stability of anthocyanin extracted from the kernels of novel inbred line super dark maize (SDM) with the strategy of HCl-carbinol were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the extracted anthocyanin was ste...

Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) exhibit a variety of flower colors due to their differing abilities to accumulate anthocyanins. One MYB member, CmMYB6, has been verified as a transcription regulator of chrysanthemum genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis; however, the co-regulators for CmMYB6 remain unclear in chrysanthemum. Here, the expression pattern of CmbHLH2, which is...

Anthocyanin biosynthesis requires the MYB-bHLH-WD40 protein complex to activate the late biosynthetic genes. LcMYB1 was thought to act as key regulator in anthocyanin biosynthesis of litchi. However, basic helix-loop-helix proteins (bHLHs) as partners have not been identified yet. The present study describes the functional characterization of three litchi bHLH candidate anthocyanin regulators, ...

The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize with characteristic tumor formation and anthocyanin induction. Here, we show that anthocyanin biosynthesis is induced by the virulence promoting secreted effector protein Tin2. Tin2 protein functions inside plant cells where it interacts with maize protein kinase ZmTTK1. Tin2 masks a ubiquitin-proteasome degradation motif in ZmT...

Yan73 is a "teinturier" red wine variety cultivated in China and used in winemaking to strengthen red wine color. Here, the anthocyanin profile in both the skin and pulp of this grape variety was analyzed by HPLC-MS. The results showed that 18 anthocyanins were detected in both the skin and the pulp, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, an anthocyanin compound hardly detected in most other Vitis vin...

The endogenous and environmental regulation of red colour development in blushed and fully red pears is reviewed. Colour development in pears has an underlying developmental component. Generally, highest anthocyanin concentrations are attained in immature pears and colour tends to fade towards harvest. This is contrary to most other crop species where maximum pigmentation and colour are attaine...

Ethylene control of anthocyanin formation functions only through light-initiated synthesis pathways of the rapid synthesis phase. Treatment with ethylene in the dark had no effect on dark anthocyanin synthesis in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Pretreatment of both red cabbage and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) with ethylene for 24 hours in the dark did increase the rate of synthesis when the...

The ANTHOCYANINLESS2 (ANL2) gene was isolated from Arabidopsis by using the maize Enhancer-Inhibitor transposon tagging system. Sequencing of the ANL2 gene showed that it encodes a homeodomain protein belonging to the HD-GLABRA2 group. As we report here, this homeobox gene is involved in the accumulation of anthocyanin and in root development. Histological observations of the anl2 mutant reveal...