TAFs are thought to play an essential role in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcription by mediating the expression of distinct subsets of genes. TAFII60/70 was studied in yeast, Drosophila and humans: in the present work, we analyzed the homologue PwTAFII70 in Pleurodeles. The gene is expressed in ovarian oocytes and throughout development, and the level of expression decreases in late embryo...

Several points of view may be taken if we want to describe a dairy farm. An animal nutritionist would focus on the individual animal and describe how feeds are transformed to meat, bones, tissues, skin, hair, embryos, milk, manure etc. A physiologist would further describe the roles of the various organs in this process and how the transformations are regulated by hormones. A biochemist would e...

Evolution of a through gut with an oral and an anal opening conceivably marked a breakthrough in early animal history, as basal animals have a blind ending gut with only one opening. How this occurred, and whether a through gut evolved only once or several times is a matter of debate. Perhaps the different modes by which guts develop in animal embryos that are used for the classification of ani...

The lens plays a central role in the development of optic cup. In fish, regression eye early affects craniofacial skeleton, size olfactory pits, nerve, and tectum. Lens removal further olfaction, prey capture, aggression. similarity fish to other vertebrates is basis for its use as an excellent animal model human defects. Questions regarding effects are specifically well-suited be addressed by ...

BACKGROUND There is concern that IVF and/or ICSI might have an adverse effect on embryonic development via epigenetic alterations. Such alterations might also be involved in the sex-related growth differences in preimplantation embryos found in some animal species. In the present study we analysed cell numbers of human male and female surplus embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage after...

D’Arcy Thompson, in his famous book “On Growth and Form” published a hundred years ago, set out to explain the ‘physical considerations’ underlying the form of living things (Thompson, D.W., 1917, On Growth and Form, University Press, Cambridge). He realized that biological processes abide physical laws, yet these laws until today remain largely unknown. The advent of molecular biology had dive...

Chick embryos are a great historical research model in basic and applied sciences. Along with other animal models, avian and specifically chicken embryo has been attended, as well. Avian fertilized eggs as a natural bioreactor are an efficient tool for producing recombinant proteins and vaccines manufacturing. Due to the limitations of birds' eggs for viral replication, avian stem cells culture...

BACKGROUND Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a technique in which sperm are injected directly into unfertilized oocytes, whereby offspring can be obtained even with dysfunctional sperm. Despite its advantages in human and animal reproductive technology, the low rate of resultant live offspring is perturbing. One major cause is thought to be embryonic chromosomal abnormalities. However,...

The early phase of embryonic development involves a lot signaling and growth factor proteins that will influence the interactions among cells. Administration BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) at beginning embryo can interferes organogenesis causing abnormalities in development. Administrations were expected to induce responses immune system, which be hoped mimicking stress on system caused by infectio...

Background: Both in vivo derived (IVD) and in vitro produced (IVP) embryos in cattle have been transferred worldwide for many decades with great success. Among the many reasons for this to occur, one concerns the Biosecurity issues which if managed adequately may add a significant value to this Embryo Transfer (ET) technology. There are a number of conditions for this to be the case. Review: Th...