background the involved neurotransmitter pathways in the postoperative shivering (pos) are poorly understood. recently, 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-ht3) receptor antagonists have been reported to prevent pos. we investigated the effect of ondansetron, a 5-ht3 antagonist that is used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting, on shivering. objectives this study aimed to compare the efficacy of ond...

the purpose of the present article is to carry out a review of the literature on two local anesthetic agents, which are the most commonly used drugs in dental procedures. it would provide a clear concept about the local anesthetics, their dosages and exact usage in dental surgeries.

BACKGROUND This systematic review assessed the effectiveness and safety of pharmacotherapy and combined interventions for reducing vaccine injection pain in individuals across the lifespan. DESIGN/METHODS Electronic databases were searched for relevant randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Self-reported pain and fear as well as observer-rated distress were critically important ou...

BACKGROUND General and local anesthetics are used in various combinations during surgical procedures to repair damaged tissues and organs, which in almost all instances involve nervous system functions. Because synaptic transmission recovers rapidly from various inhalation anesthetics, it is generally assumed that their effects on nerve regeneration and synapse formation that precede injury or ...

Bidirectional transport of Na+ and Cl- ions by the epithelium controls production and composition of airway surface liquid and airway transepithelial potential difference and in these ways supports mucociliary transport. Volatile anesthetics are able to inhibit epithelial ion transport processes when applied at high concentration and have been suggested to elicit depression of airway clearance ...

Volatile (inhaled) anesthetics cause amnesia at concentrations well below those that cause loss of consciousness and immobility; however, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unknown. Although many anesthetics increase inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission, this effect occurs only at high concentrations (>100 microm). Molecular targets for low concentrations of inhaled anesthetics have n...

There are some differences in cytotoxic actions between local anesthetics. In a study performed using rat thymocytes, lidocaine increased intracellular Zn concentration whereas tetracaine decreased it. However, thymocytes are not subject to local anesthetics. This study was conducted to confirm the actions of tetracaine and lidocaine on neurons. Tetracaine and lidocaine changed intracellular Zn...

BACKGROUND: We report a case of a patient with apparent resistance to local anesthetics. While similar cases of failure of regional anesthetics are often attributed to technical failure, the overall clinical presentation and history of this patient suggests a true resistance to local anesthetics. CASE PRESENTATION: This patient presented for elective cesarean section and the decision for region...

The effects of the general anesthetics hexanol, halothane, and diethyl ether on Ca-ATPase activity and on the oligomeric state of the Ca-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from cardiac and skeletal muscle were investigated. The effects of these general anesthetics on Ca-ATPase activity were similar in cardiac and skeletal SR and were characterized by stimulation of Ca-ATPase activity at lowe...

Local anesthetics are not only used as drugs to block the sodium channel to provide analgesia and anti-arrhythmic action. The purpose of this review is to highlight the new indications and limitations of this class of drugs. Recent research has focused on the use of i.v. local anesthetics to improve bowel function after surgery or trauma, to protect the central nervous system, to find new clues...