Circular Polarization is a method in which the electric field of the passing wave does not change the strength but only changes direction in a rotary manner. Circular polarization may be referred to as right-handed or lefthanded, and clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the direction in which the electric field vector rotates. Circular polarization is often used erroneously to describe mix...

We present a detailed investigation of the dynamical behavior of emerging magnetic flux using 3dimensional MHD numerical simulation. A magnetic flux tube with a lefthanded twist, initially placed below the photosphere, emerges into the solar atmosphere. This leads to a dynamical expansion of emerging field lines as well as an injection of magnetic energy and magnetic helicity into the atmospher...

We study the exactly degenerate case for three lefthanded Majorana neutrinos building a general parametrization for the leptonic mixing matrix characterized by two angles and one CP violating phase and identify a weak-basis invariant relevant, in this case, for CP violation. After lifting the degeneracy, this parametrization accommodates the present data on atmospheric and solar neutrinos, as w...

Consider quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with color group SU(3) and three flavors of massless quarks. The lagrangian is invariant under an additional global flavor group, U(3)L × U(3)R. Although we will use it anyway, this “left–right” terminology is actually somewhat misleading; in four dimensions, a right-handed fermion field is the hermitian conjugate of a left-handed fermion field, and so we c...

One puzzle of neutrino masses and mixings is that they do not exhibit the kind of strong “hierarchy” that is found for the quarks and charged leptons. Neutrino mass ratios and mixing angles are not small. A possible reason for this is proposed here. It is based on the fact that typical realistic grand unified models contain particles with unification-scale masses which, when integrated out, can...

The study of perturbative superstring spectra indicates that there must exist a so-called Type IIB supergravity as the low energy limit of type IIB superstring in addition to the well-known type IIA supergravity. This theory has two spacetime supersymmetries with the same handedness and is therefore chiral. The field content for this theory (in the real basis) consists of the metric gμν , a 2-f...