Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and testosterone are the most frequently detected prohibited doping agents in sport. Professional competitors have been taking them since the fifties of the 20th century, they are used at present mainly by sport amateurs. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids are very often used in combination with other doping agents (erythropoietin, growth hormone, thyroxin). Apart f...

Massive amounts of observation data recorded by amateurs are available for butterfl ies, allowing scientists to study their population dynamics and response to environmental threats. They report serious declines in many rarer species leading to an overall loss in biodiversity. As these declines refl ect the impacts of land use change, climate change and pesticide use, they also provide an alarm...

This article focuses on tools that allow amateurs to create or modify videogames. In order to contribute to study the nature of game design, we will analyze games as crafted “artifacts”. We will first review five categories of tools that allow creating games, in order to highlight the different “parts” games are made of. We will then use this empirical review to introduce a simple model of the ...

Open collaborative authoring systems such as Wikipedia are growing in use and impact. This research examines how to create a collaborative authoring community for educational resources. We describe and evaluate a novel tool for community authoring of worked examples, in the task of making instruction for a specific math skill. Participants were professional teachers (math and non-math) and amat...

The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical factors that may influence golf swing power generation. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were examined in 10 professional and 5 amateur male golfers. Upper-torso rotation, pelvic rotation, X-factor (relative hip-shoulder rotation), O-factor (pelvic obliquity), S-factor (shoulder obliquity), and normalized free moment were assesse...

The use of auctions as a pricing mechanism has grown dramatically over the last few years. The introduction of electronic auctions has signi®cantly widened the pool of consumers who participate in auctions and increased the number of companies attempting to sell their products in an auction format. Previous empirical research on auctions has focused almost exclusively on the behavior of profess...