Adolescents are developmentally sensitive to pathways that influence alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. In the absence of guidance, their routine engagement with social media may add a further layer of risk. There are several potential mechanisms for social media use to influence AOD risk, including exposure to peer portrayals of AOD use, socially amplified advertising, misinformation, and preda...

The concept of harm reduction is controversial, as it brings to mind the failures, public misconceptions, and undermining of prevention associated with the low-tar cigarette campaign. Modern cigarettes are, however, unnecessarily carcinogenic and toxic, a situation that could be improved by sensible and serious regulation of the contents of tobacco smoke. The risks potentially associated with r...

In a capacitated network, an optimum solution of the maximum flow problem is to send as much possible from source node sink efficiently by satisfying capacity and conservation constraints. But, because limited on arcs, total amount out going may not reach sink. If excess can be stored at intermediate nodes, outgoing increased significantly. Similarly, different destinations have their own impor...

Abstract This paper extends the standard Schumpeterian model of creative destruction by allowing cost innovation for followers to increase in their technological distance from leader. assumption is motivated observation that more technologically advanced leader is, harder it a follower leapfrog without incurring extra using leader’s patented knowledge. Under this R &D structure, leaders hav...

Relevance-based explanation is a scheme in which partial assignments to Bayesian belief network variables are explanations ( abduc­ tive conclusions). We allow variables to re­ main unassigned in explanations as long as they are irrelevant to the explanation, where irrelevance is defined in terms of statistical in­ dependence. When multiple-valued variables exist in the system, especially when ...