The alcohol content of unfortified wines is increasing worldwide. Statistics from three winemaking regions are presented to demonstrate this trend. Some commentators have suggested that the stylistic change has been overdone, and that winemakers now need to seriously consider limiting and even reducing alcohol levels in wine. A basic mathematical model is presented for how yeasts convert sugar ...

Alcoholic liver disease claims two million lives per year. We previously reported that autophagy protected against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis by removing damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanisms for removal of these mitochondria are unknown. Parkin is an evolutionarily conserved E3 ligase that is recruited to damaged mitochondria to initiate ubiquitination of mitochondrial ...

human alpha 1-antitrypsin (aat) cdna was obtained from hepg2 cell lines. after pcr and construction of expression vector ppiczα-aat, human aat was expressed in the yeast pichia pastoris (p.pastoris) in a secretary manner and under the control of inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (aox1) promoter. the amount of aat protein in medium was measured as 60 mg/l 72 hr after induction with methanol. results i...

Human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) cDNA was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris under the control of the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter. An expression vector for hG-CSF secretion was constructed using vector pPIC9. Higher levels of hG-CSF was obtained using a P. pastoris Mut+ (methanol utilization fast) phenotype. The effects of environmental factors such as...

Alcohol abuse is a systemic disorder and increases the risk of lung injury. After ingestion, alcohol freely diffuses from the bronchial circulation directly through the ciliated epithelium where it vaporizes as it moves into the conducting airways. Some of vaporized alcohol can deposit back into the airway lining fluid and results in repeated exposure of the airway epithelium to high local conc...