The biological function of a nonstructural protein, NSm, of Akabane virus (AKAV) is unknown. In this study, we generated a series of NSm deletion mutant viruses by reverse genetics and compared their phenotypes. The mutant in which the NSm coding region was almost completely deleted could not be rescued, suggesting that NSm plays a role in virus replication. We next generated mutant viruses pos...

Culicoides is an important human and animal pest with great economic significance and a prime vector for various viruses like virus, virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, Akabane, Aino, Chuzan, and bovine ephemeral fever virus,Vesicularstomatitisvirus,EquineEncephalitisVirus (EEV),SchmallenbergVirus,protozoalike spp. and and Hepatocystis, avian Trypanosomes, Plasmodium in lizard and bird malar...

The average daily maximum temperature for the coldest month during the winters of 1977-1978 and 1978-1979, when bluetongue (BT) virus overwintered in a cycle between Culicoides spp. and cattle in western Turkey (Aydin and Izmir provinces), was found to be 12.5 degrees C. This temperature agreed with the lowest temperatures found for Culicoides activity and for flight over long distances. Overwi...