increased unemployment and rising incidence of divorce are instances of a risky society that can affect women and men’s decisions about family formation. the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the indicators of risky society and the mean age at first marriage among women and men in iran. the paper uses the district-level data from the 2011 iranian census. the results sho...

introduction: age at first calving (afc) has an important effect on profitability and reproductive management of dairy cattle. every month increase in afc beyond 24 months increases the cost of production. the time between birth and first calving represents a period in which replacement heifers are not generating income. instead this rearing period requires considerable capital expenditures inc...