Various types of aerosols affect cloud microphysical properties and cloud lifetime through the so-called “indirect effect”. The decrease of particles size when the cloud is polluted by small aerosol particles serving as additional cloud condensation nuclei and the reduction of the efficiency of the precipitation forming processes are phenomena described in numerous recent studies (Bréon et al. ...

Identification of the determinants of efficient aerosol delivery and the specific challenges of aerosol delivery to infants and children can facilitate a systematic approach to optimize aerosol delivery to this population. There are inherent anatomical, physiologic, pathophysiologic, and technical limitations of aerosol efficiency in infants and young children. Nevertheless, one can enhance aer...

Modeling atmospheric aerosol and cloud microphysics is rather complex, even if chemical and thermodynamical equilibrium is assumed. We show, however, that the thermodynamics can be considerably simplified by reformulating equilibrium to consistently include water, and transform laboratory-based concepts to atmospheric conditions. We generalize the thermodynamic principles that explain hydration...

the newly formed aerosol particles can grow to 0.25 m in diameter. This is clear evidence that regional aerosol particles originating from such regional NPF events have a significant fraction in the particulate mass concentration of fine particles (PM1) and also in the number concentration of CCN. In the same case study, the ultrafine fraction of aerosol particles contributed to about 30% of th...

[1] Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of the oxygen dimer O4 which can serve as a new method for the determination of atmospheric aerosol properties are presented. Like established methods, e.g., Sun radiometer and LIDAR measurements, MAX-DOAS O4 observations determine optical properties of aerosol under atmospheric conditions (not dried). However, ...

This paper reviews the history of aerosol therapy; discusses patient, drug, and device factors that can influence the success of aerosol therapy; and identifies trends that will drive the science of aerosol therapy in the future. Aerosol medication is generally less expensive, works more rapidly, and produces fewer side effects than the same drug given systemically. Aerosol therapy has been use...

Aerosol particles can readily penetrate through air permeable fabrics. Air flow and aerosol deposition models were used to determine the skin deposition rates of aerosols through up to two fabric layers. These models were used in conjunction with a plume dispersion model to examine the risks associated with wearing air permeable CBR protective clothing, to inform IPE fabric development programs...

A major overwater experiment, MAGAT-80, has been undertaken to verify the use of aerosol spectrometers to calculate optical extinction in the marine boundary layer. Techniques for data averaging and for extrapolation to large particle sizes are described. Coincident optical, aerosol, and meteorological measurements by ship, aircraft, and an overwater optical range show that aerosol spectra can ...

Accurate information on concentrations and physical properties of atmospheric aerosol over land surfaces is of great importance for air pollution control and climate research. The aerosol distributions over land surfaces are characterized by high spatial variability, depending on topography, meteorological conditions, and the distribution and magnitude of aerosol sources and sinks. Global aeros...

Organic compounds and liquid water are major aerosol constituents in the southeast United States (SE US). Water associated with inorganic constituents (inorganic water) can contribute to the partitioning medium for organic aerosol when relative humidities or organic matter to organic carbon (OM /OC) ratios are high such that separation relative humidities (SRH) are below the ambient relative hu...