Abstract In this chapter, we will describe practical approaches to the evaluation of adrenal masses detected as incidental masses, well in other clinical scenarios oncological and non-oncological patient. The most commonly used imaging techniques procedures these their common appearances also be described. Current European US guidelines limitations briefly addressed.

Ganglioneuroma (GN) is a rarely seen benign tumor originating from neural crest cells and consisting of ganglion Schwann cells. Adrenal GNs occur most frequently in the fourth fifth decades life. They have an equal frequency male female patients are usually found incidentally during imaging. It not related to hormonal activity clinically asymptomatic. We aimed present 49-year-old patient whose ...

Survival of all living organisms depends on maintenance of a steady state of homeostasis, which process relies on its ability to react and adapt to various physical and emotional threats. The defense against stress is executed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system. Adrenal gland is a major effector organ of stress system. During stress, adrenal ...

Pheochromocytomas are a rare cause of arterial hypertension, necessitating surgical resection. Coexistence of a pheochromocytoma with an ipsilateral adenoma in the right adrenal gland has sporadically been reported. No reports on their videoscopic resection by the posterior retroperitoneal approach are available. We describe a case of a 49-year old female patient with a pheochromocytoma of the ...

Adrenocortical tumour have been described in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. These tumours are usually considered to be ACTH – dependent, as diffuse adrenal cortical hyperplasia is commonly seen. We report adrenal cortical tissue tumours developed in three patients with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. All of them had symptoms of adrenogenital ...

The pituitary gland is the master which regulates body hormones. From corticotrophs of anterior gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secreted and influences corticosterone production in rodents via hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis). ACTH are frequently used as a hormonal marker stress level. Disturbance were observed many diseases especially Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndr...

The role of inflammation has been shown in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, while glucocorticoids and adrenaline have anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of adrenaline, prednisolone, and indomethacin on caffeine-induced epilepsy (epileptiform activity) in rats and to examine the mechanism of the pro-epileptic effect of indomethacin. The adrenalect...

TRH is a hypophysiotropic peptide that acts mainly via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, but TRH immunoreactivity is also detected in several peripheral tissues. PCR with two pairs of primers enabling amplification of three fragments of TRH complementary DNA (cDNA) was used to demonstrate local production of TRH. Products of the expected size were detected in the testis, adrenal gland, l...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate predictors of survival time in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy and identify risk factors associated with adrenal gland tumor metastasis and vein thrombosis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 52 dogs with primary adrenal gland tumors. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed. Signalment, tumor features, and information from surgical procedures were evaluated to ...

Epinephrine, first isolated around 1900, is the main sympathomimetic agent released by the adrenal gland. It plays an integral role in the treatment of several diseases in the emergency department. It effects on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. In lower doses, it usually causes systemic and pulmonary vasodilatation, with some increase in heart rate and stroke volume. A high dose causes inte...