We examine an open economy’s strategy to reduce its carbon emissions by replacing consumption of coal—very intensive—with gas—less so. Unlike the standard theoretical approach leakage, we show that unilateral CO2 reduction policies generate a higher leakage rate in presence more than one energy source and may turn counterproductive, ultimately increasing world emissions. establish testable cond...

Adopting relatively simple motion control algorithm, helps reduce the cost of ultrasonic motor system including the drive control circuit, so as to promote its industrialization. For this purpose, this paper presents a simple model reference adaptive control strategy. The small amount of calculation of the policy, and with a certain degree of adaptive capacity, improves the system cost-effective.

This paper addresses the question of the social policy harmonization in the European Union. In adopting a common monetary policy Europe is faced with structural and fiscal concerns, as national growth levels di¤er. Another possible factor in output shocks are the levels of various social expenditures in the member countries. OECD data on the level of social program expenditures in four EU count...

Significantly, many of these problems can be traced to the internal workings of the organization. For example, the absence of a learning culture and negative attitudes towards knowledge creation and reuse by employees reflect organizationally-engrained problems that are difficult to be uprooted. These problems could be mitigated if the dysfunctional internal workings of the organization can som...

Recurring debates in policy analysis revolve around the question, ‘Which political solutions exist to solve a societal issue?’ There still exist situations in which policy makers understand what options exist for reducing an environmental problem, but refrain from adopting any of these options. Here, policy analysts go one step further by asking: ‘Why is little done politically to solve a speci...

By raising the price of cigarettes through tobacco taxes, policymakers might only be delaying some smokers' initiation of smoking rather than permanently preventing them from smoking. This is one of several reasons for adopting a balanced tobacco control policy that relies only in part on cigarette taxation.

Spectrum management influences the evolution of the mobile communications industry. Administrative spectrum management, market-based approaches, and commons approaches are analyzed. These methods have unique advantages and disadvantages and no single approach is superior on all counts. Optimal spectrum policy will have to determine the right mix of these methods rather than adopting one model.